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KIN 131 > Intro to Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of Body Organization

6

A
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2
Q

What are Cells?

A
  • The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
  • The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells
  • Primarily made up of C, H, N and O
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3
Q

What are common characteristics of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus (RBC exception)
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4
Q

What is the Cell Membrane comprised of?

A

Made up of Phospholipids that are amphiphatic
Have a Hydrophobic Tail (Non-polar) and Hydrophilic Head (Polar). Membrane is “Semi-Permeable”

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5
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A

Lipid-Soluble Solutes can pass straight through the membrane from High to Low concentration

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6
Q

How does Water pass through the membrane?

A

Water goes from Low to High Concentration through channel proteins called aquaporins in a process called Osmosis

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7
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Small Lipid Insoluble membranes pass through a Channel protein (mostly ions)

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8
Q

How do larger Molecules like Glucose pass through the Membrane?

A

Facilated Diffusion via specific protein carriers that allow passage of a specific molecule by changing shape once a substrate binds

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9
Q

When is ATP required in membrane transport?

A

Only in active Membrane Transport

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10
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A
  • Engulfing (taking up) of substances in the extracellular environment by enclosing them in a vesicle
  • Vesicle travels in the cytoplasm where it typically attaches to a lysosomes and spills its contents
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11
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A
  • Ejection(secretion) of substances (hormones, cellular debris, waste etc.) from the cell
  • The product to be released is packaged into a vesicle which fuses to the cell membrane and the contents are released to the exterior of the cell
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12
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Outside the nucleus and inside the cell membrane

  • Where most cellular activity takes place, Contains:

i. Cytosol – fluid that suspends other elements, largely composed of water
ii. Inclusions – commonly stored nutrient products that float in the cytosol (i.e., lipid droplets, glycogen granules)
iii. Organelles – the metabolic machinery of the cell, each organelle has a specific function

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Double membraned organelle
  • Supply most of the ATP used for cellular activity
  • Highly metabolic cells (i.e., liver and skeletal muscle) have more mitochondria
  • Can replicate by pinching in half (found more in athletes)
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14
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of proteins and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
  • The site of protein synthesis
  • Free floating or bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum
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15
Q

The Cytoskeleton

A
  • Not an organelle
  • Elaborate network of protein structures
  • Determines the cell shape, supports organelles, provides machinery for intracellular transport
  • Comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
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16
Q

Microfilaments

A
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17
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
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18
Q

Microtubules

A
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19
Q

The Nucleus

*not in RBC

A
  • The “control center” of the cell
  • Necessary for cell replication
  • Contains DNA, which has genes, that codes for proteins
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20
Q

Nuclear Envelope & Nucleolus

A

Nuclear Envelope

  • Double membraned barrier

Nucleolus

  • Assembly of ribosomes (which eventually move to cytoplasm)
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21
Q

Chromatin

A
  • Scattered throughout the nucleus
  • Contains genetic material
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22
Q

Not all cells are alike…

A
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23
Q

What are Tissue?

A

Tissues: groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

24
Q

What are the Four Primary Tissue Types in the Human Body?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
25
Q

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

A

Protects the body/organs

  • Skin epithelium protects against bacteria and chemical damage
  • Respiratory tract epithelium has cilia that protects against dust and debris

Filters

  • Renal epithelium filters out molecules of different sizes

Selectively secretes/absorbs

  • Glandular epithelium secretes sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones etc.
  • Digestive epithelium absorb nutrients from food).

Enables sensation

  • Epithelium supports sensory neurons located in the skin, nose, mouth, eyes, and ears
26
Q

How do we Classify Epithelium?

A

CELL ARRANGEMENT + SHAPE OF CELL

Cell Arrangement -> simple (one layer of cells), stratified (more
than one later of cells) or pseudostratified (false impression of
stratification)

Shape of Cell -> squamous, cuboidal, columnar or transitional

27
Q

How does structure dictate function?

A
28
Q

What is the Apical Membrane?

A

Apical Surface: exposed to the body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ. Can be smooth, or have cell surface modifications, such as microvilli or cilia

29
Q

What is the Basal Membrane?

A

Basal Surface: the anchored surface of epithelium, rests on a basement membrane

30
Q

What is the Basement Membrane?

A

Basement Membrane: a structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells deep to the epithelium, the “glue” holding the epithelium in place

31
Q

Membrane Examples

A
32
Q

What is the Main function of Alveoli? What type of epithelial cell is it to facilitate this?

A

Gas exchange simple squamous

33
Q

Cilia

A

on epithelial used for filtering.
Line the Trachea

34
Q

Examples and Roles of Connective Tissue?

A

Cell Types (not inclusive)

  • Osteocytes
  • Chondrocyte
  • Fibroblast/FAP Cells
  • Adipocytes
  • Erythrocytes

Primary Roles:
1. Protect
2. Bind/support
3. Insulate
4. Transport

35
Q

Roles of Connective Tissues?

A
  1. Osteocytes:
    • Primary Role: Protect, Bind/support
  2. Chondrocyte:
    • Primary Role: Bind/support
  3. Fibroblast/FAP Cells:
    • Primary Role: Protects, Bind/support, Transports
  4. Adipocytes:
    • Primary Role: Insulate
  5. Erythrocytes:
    • Primary Role: Transport
36
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue by regulating mineral content and responding to mechanical stresses.

Bone

37
Q

What are Chondrocyte?

A

Chondrocytes are specialized cells found in cartilage that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix, essential for the structural integrity and flexibility of this connective tissue.

38
Q

What are Fibroblast/FAP cells?

A

Fibroblast/FAP cells are connective tissue cells crucial for synthesizing and maintaining the structural framework of tissues by producing extracellular matrix components.

Produce Collagen, found in skin, hair, bone, b/w cells and muscles

39
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A

Adipocytes are cells primarily responsible for storing energy in the form of triglycerides as fat droplets, playing a key role in energy metabolism and insulation.

40
Q

What are Erethrocytes?

A

RBC

41
Q

What are Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Specialized to contract (shorten) and create the force required for movement
  • Excitable – respond to nervous stimulation
42
Q

What are 3 Types of Skeletal Muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
43
Q

Make into Seperate Cards*

A
44
Q
A
  1. Skeletal (long, cylindrical)
  2. Cardiac (intercelated discs)
  3. Smooth (no striations)
45
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

Cell Type: Neuron

  • Excitable (responds to stimulation)
  • Receives and sends electrochemical impulses
  • The cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes
    (allowing a single neuron to send signals to
    distant body parts)
  • Connection between two neurons à synapse
46
Q

What is the Soma of the Neuron?

A

Soma: the cell body of a neuron

47
Q

What are Dendrites of Neurons?

hundreds

A

Dendrites: long processes extending from the soma

  • Receives incoming information and transmits to the soma
  • Each neuron has hundreds of dendrites
48
Q

What are the Axons of the Neuron?

only one

A

Axon: a long process extending from the soma

  • Relays outgoing signals to target cells
  • Begins at the axon hillock and ends at the axon terminal
49
Q

What is the Myelin of the Neuron?

A

Myelin: an insulating sheath that forms over some neurons

  • Speeds up electrical transmission down the axon
50
Q

The Neuron

A
51
Q

What is Neuroglia?

(non-excitable)

A
  • Insulate, support and and protect neurons
  • Non-neuronal cells
  • Cannot transmit electrical impulses
52
Q

Neuroglia

What are Astrocytes?

A
53
Q

Neuroglia

What are Microglia?

(phagocytes)

A
54
Q

Neuroglia

What are Ependymal Cells?

A
55
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A
56
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A
  • Produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)
  • “Gaps” in the myelin sheath called Nodes of Ranvier, allow for saltatory conduction
  • Protects nerve fibres and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission
57
Q

What type of Tissue do Skeletal Muscles Have?
What about the Heart?

A

All 4 for both

KIN 131 (44 decks)

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