FINAL EXAM Q's

Question 1

Define “adequate stimulus”

Answer 1

The adequate stimulus is the modality that a sensory receptor is particularly sensitive to. (causes action potential)

(smell, sound, touch, light)

Question 2

Identify One Metabolic Pathway found in the skeletal muscle.

Is this Pathway Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Where is the Pathway Located?

What is the starting substrate of this pathway?

What is the Rate-Limiting Enzyme of this Pathway?

2 1/2 minutes to answer each question

Answer 2

Krebs Cycle
Aerobic
Mitochondrial Matrix
Acetyl CoA
Isocitrate Deyhydrogenase

Glyclosis
Anaerobic (never uses O2)
Cytosol
Glucose
Phosphofructokinase

Question 3

Indentify one hypophysiotrophic Hormone. What gland does this hormone stimulate? What is the response of this gland to this hypophysiotrophic

released from hypothalamus

Answer 3

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone
Anterior Pituatiry Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol Secretion (stress hormone)

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Anterior Pituaitary
LH and FSH release
Act on testes and ovaries (gonads)
Testes - Testosterone + spermatogenesis
Ovaries - Follicle development and estrogen

Question 4

Why might an individual with hyperthyrodism show similar symptoms to an overactive sympathetic Nervous System?

Answer 4

thyroid bormone has secondary effect of increase beta adrenergic receptors which bind to catecholimes which can increase HR, nervousness and anxiounsess

more receptors means more binding cites and increased symptoms.

Question 5

Explain one of the mechanisms by which endogenous opiates inhibit pain sensation.

Lecture 9

Answer 5

One mechanism by which endogenous opiates inhibit pain sensation is by binding to opioid receptors on the presynaptic cell in the central nervous system,

This activation leads to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, such as substance P, reducing the transmission of pain signals and producing analgesia.

Question 6

Identify two Myofibre types found in human skeletal system. Identify three ways in which they differ from each other?

Answer 6

SO are smalles diameter, higher mitochondrial density and capillarization, less powerful, fatigue resistance and slow twitch

FG are larger diameter, lower mitochondrial denisty and capillarization, most powerful but most easily fatigued and fast twitch

Question 7

What is the difference between a graded and an action potential?

Answer 7

Graded potentials are small, local changes in membrane potential that occur in response to stimuli. They can be depolarizing (making the cell less negative) or hyperpolarizing (making the cell more negative). Graded potentials vary in size depending on the strength of the stimulus and decay over short distances.

Action potentials, on the other hand, are brief, large depolarizations of the membrane potential that travel along the axon of a neuron. They have a fixed size and duration and are all-or-nothing events. Action potentials are generated when the membrane potential reaches a threshold level, causing voltage-gated ion channels to open, leading to rapid depolarization followed by repolarization. Action potentials allow for the long-distance transmission of electrical signals in neurons.