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Unit 1 > Intro to Pharmacology (9/23b) [Biomedical Sciences 1] > Flashcards

Intro to Pharmacology (9/23b) [Biomedical Sciences 1] Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of drug nomenclature

A

Chemical (EX: n-acetyl-p-aminophenol)

Generic (EX: acetaminophen)

Trade names (EX: Tylenol, Panadol)

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2
Q

3 roles of FDA

A

Approval
Regulation
Classification

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3
Q

FDA - Approval

A

Based on safety and efficacy of the drug

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4
Q

FDA - Regulation

A

Drugs go through multiphase processes (animals→ human trials) that takes 10-15 years

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5
Q

FDA - Classification

A

Prescription (Rx) versus over the counter (OTC)

At least initially, usually only approved for Rx

After many years of post-marketing surveillance to make sure no immense side effects, they may decide to reclassify to allow OTC

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6
Q

Do PTs prescribe drugs?

A

No

Except military Its may prescribe analgesics and anti-inflammatories

Important to make pt aware of drug interactions

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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Overview

A 
Site of action
Mechanism of action
Receptor site
Dose-Response curve
Potency
Drug safety
Therapeutic index
Drug selectivity
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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Site of Action

A

Location where a drug exerts its effect

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Mechanism of Action

A

How a drug produces its effects

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10
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Receptor Site

A

Site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects

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11
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Dose Response Curve

A

Response of a drug proportional to dose

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12
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Drug Safety

A

median effective and toxic doses

Therapeutic Index

In many other countries, drug approval may depend on just being safe, not necessarily effective → may take longer for it to be available in the US

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Therapeutic Index

A

Therapeutic Index (TI) = (Median toxic dose TD50 ) / (Median beneficial dose ED50 )

They consider the dose for 50 people to have toxic effects divided by dose for 50 people to have beneficial effects

The greater the ratio number, the greater the TI, and generally the safer the drug

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14
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Drug Selectivity

A

If a drug is 100% selective, it only reacts with a specific type of receptor or cell in a specific time of tissue (unrealistic)

If a drug is not selective, it will interact with a receptor or cell in any tissue in the body

Range of non selectivity gives you your side effects

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15
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Dose

A

exact amount of a drug administered in order to produce a specific effect

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16
Q

Pharmacodynamics - Potency

A

measure of strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect

Doesn’t tell us anything about safety though → more potent doesn’t always
mean it is safe

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17
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Overview

A

How the body processes drugs

2 Routes of administration

3 main phases

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18
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Routes of Administration

A

Enteral

Parenteral

19
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Enteral Administration

A

involves GI tract, experiences first pass effect

Less bioavailable, more distributed

Oral - taken and swallowed

Buccal - tucked into cheek pocket

Sublingual - stuck under the tongue

Rectal - inserted into rectum (even if pt unconscious)

20
Q

First pass effect

A

part of a drug is metabolized before it reaches the target tissue

not all of it will be available later for an effect

happens with anything that is administered enterally

21
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Parenteral Administration

A

Inhalation, intranasal, injection (IV, IM, or intrathecal, epidural), topical, transdermal

Requires some vehicle to administer

No first pass effect, but that also means risk of overdose

More bioavailable, less distributed

Topical and transdermal utilized by PTs - spreading across the skin (EX: iontophoresis, spreading with ultrasound)

22
Q

Pharmacokinetics - 3 Main Phases

A

Absorption
Distribution
Elimination

23
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Absorption

A

movement across membrane depends on membrane structure and function

Passive diffusion

Active transport

Other mechanisms (EX: Facilitated diffusion, Endocytosis and exocytosis)

24
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Passive diffusion (absorption)

A

most drugs are lipid soluble and dissolved right into the membrane

25
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Active transport (absorption)

A

Requires energy but can work against a gradient

26
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Factors Affecting Absorption and Distribution

A

Route of administration

Properties of the drug

Endogenous carriers

Endogenous barriers

Storage and redistribution

27
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Administration Routes (distribution)

A

Enteral routes - less bioavailable, more distributed

Parenteral routes - more bioavailable, less distributed

28
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Properties of the drug (distribution)

A

Lipid solubles will be able to get into the cell via passive diffusion

Active transport requires energy but can work against a gradient

29
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Endogenous carriers (distribution)

A

Endogenous - native to the body (EX: endorphins are one of the body’s biggest natural painkillers)

Protein channels or pores required by drug to help transport across membrane

30
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Endogenous barriers (distribution)

A

Prevents drug from entering certain areas

EX: blood brain barrier

31
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Storage and redistribution (distribution)

A

common for some portion of a drug to be stored before it is eliminated

Storage sites: adipose (most common), bone marrow, muscle, liver and kidney

Adverse consequences – can build up to toxic levels (ex: anaesthetics)

32
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Elimination

A

Metabolism
Excretion
Drug Elimination Rates

33
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Metabolism (elimination)

A

Biotransformation - breaking lipid soluble drugs into water soluble chunks to be able to be excreted

Happens mostly in the liver

34
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Excretion (elimination)

A

Renal - primary site of excretion are kidneys (urination)

Respiratory - taking deep breaths

Less commonly - GI, sweat, saliva, lactation

35
Q

Pharmacokinetics - Drug elimination rates (elimination)

A

Based on clearance and half life

36
Q

Clearance

A

ability of the body to get rid of the drug

Based on the rate of blood flow, efficiency of liver and kidneys

37
Q

Half life

A

how long it takes to get 50% of remaining drug out of the body

Important to know to prevent overdose

38
Q

Dosing schedule

A

based on avg of when most of the drug should be eliminated from the body

Considers what plasma concentration is ideal for it to have its effect

Dosing windows or “therapeutic windows”

39
Q

Newer Techniques for Drug Delivery

A

Controlled release preparations

Implanted drug delivery system

Targeting specific cells/tissues

40
Q

Controlled release preparations (new technique)

A

EX: Coated pills, extended time release capsules → liver breaks down coating, more drug available to release over time

41
Q

Implanted drug delivery system (new technique)

A

EX: patches that insert to surgical site, release slowly over specified amount of time

42
Q

Targeting specific cells/tissues (new technique)

A

Manufacturing drugs to specifically bind to a certain receptor

43
Q

Factors Affecting Pharmacokinetics

A

Genetics

Disease (esp. liver/kidneys)

Drug interaction (slow, speed, nullify)

Age (old→organs less efficient, young→organs less developed)

Diet (can inhibit metabolic enzymes)

Sex (women more vulnerable due to fluctuating hormones)

Pathology, alcohol, smoking, etc

Unit 1 (24 decks)

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