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Unit 1 > ANS and Glucose Metabolism (9/26b) [Biomedical Sciences 1] > Flashcards

ANS and Glucose Metabolism (9/26b) [Biomedical Sciences 1] Flashcards

1
Q

Central Autonomic Network - Afferent information (sensory input)

A

Cerebral cortex

Cingulate cortex and Amygdala
- important in limbic system, regulates emotions

Basal forebrain
- helps with general arousal

Midbrain- Nucleus of tractus solitarius, periaqueductal grey matter
- gets info about BP, blood pH

Spinal cord

Hippocampus
- helps process memories

Retina

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2
Q

Central Autonomic Network - Efferent Information

A

Cingulate cortex and Amygdala

Basal forebrain

Midbrain- Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, periaqueductal grey matter

Hippocampus

Spinal cord

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3
Q

Hypothalamus and hypothalamic nuclei

A

Hypothalamus - regulates multiple systems (memory, limbic, conscious control, decision making, emotions)

Hypothalamic Nuclei - helps take in afferent information and process them into efferent responses

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4
Q

How does the CV system help perfusion?

A

Blood pressure

Cardiac output

  • Heart rate → SA node
  • Stroke volume
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5
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems?

A

Maintain oxygen supply to vital organs by

  • maintaining oxygen saturation in blood
  • maintaining perfusion to organs
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6
Q

Control of Blood pressure

A

PROCESS: Afferent pathways (input)→ integration/processing→ efferent pathways (output)

Control of cardiac activity - heart rate and stroke volume

Control of peripheral vasculature - peripheral resistance

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7
Q

Activation of sympathetic (ANS efferent) nerves to the heart

A

Goes to SA node and AV node

Increases heart rate (+ chronotropy)

Increases contractility (+ inotropy)

Increases stroke volume

Increases blood pressure

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8
Q

Activation of parasympathetic (ANS efferent) nerves to the heart

A

Goes to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus→ parasympathetic ganglia→ SA node and AV node

Decreases heart rate (- chronotropy)

Decreases contractility (- inotropy)

Decreases stroke volume

Decreases blood pressure

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9
Q

Higher autonomic levels of cardiac regulation

A

Cardiac accelerator center → activates sympathetic system (spinal cord)

Cardiac inhibitory center → activates parasympathetic system (brainstem/medulla)

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10
Q

Efferent Control of Peripheral Vasculature - Basic ANS Control

A

Sympathetic efferent: secrete NE and E (catecholamines) to cause vasoconstriction

Most blood vessels do NOT have parasympathetic innervation

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11
Q

Efferent Control of Peripheral Vasculature - Higher Control

A

the activity of the vasomotor center can be enhanced or suppressed

If enhanced: vasoconstriction → increased BP

If suppressed: vasodilation → decreased BP

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12
Q

Afferent Component of Cardiac Reflexes - Overview

A

Sensory receptors (EX: baroreceptors and chemoreceptors) detect change and impact firing rate

change in firing rate is a signal to ANS to react

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13
Q

Afferent Component of Cardiac Reflexes - Decreased BP

A

Decreased BP → baroreceptors reduce their firing

Cardiac accelerator center → increased sympathetic, spinal cord→ heart

Cardiac inhibitory center → decreased parasympathetic, brainstem (medulla) → heart

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14
Q

Afferent Component of Cardiac Reflexes - Increased BP

A

Increased BP → baroreceptors increase their firing

Cardiac accelerator center → decreased sympathetic, spinal cord→ heart

Cardiac inhibitory center → increased parasympathetic, brainstem (medulla) → heart

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15
Q

Afferent Control of Cardiac Function

A

sympathetic stimulation increases contractility, frequency, conduction velocity, and irritability

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16
Q

Why is it necessary to control body temperature?

A

Our body has electrical and chemical processes that require certain temperatures for optimal functioning

Autonomic reflexes play an important part
- in health (EX: exercise) and in disease (EX: fever)

17
Q

Hypothalamus as a thermostat

A

Conditions cause body temp to increase →
body temp→
thermoreceptors sense temp change →
hypothalamus compares against 98.6 F (set point, normal body temp is 35.6 C - 37.8 C) →
sweat glands secrete sweat and blood vessels dilate →
body temp decreases

18
Q

Hypothalamus - Warm sensitive neurons

A

lead to activation of the parasympathetic system→
leading to vasodilation→
activates sweat glands →
dissipation of heat

19
Q

Hypothalamus - Cold sensitive neurons

A

leads to activation of the sympathetic system→
leading to vasoconstriction→
minimizes overall heat loss from skin surfaces

20
Q

Control of Glucose and Energy Balance

A

Intake of food → output of energy expenditure

Hormonal systems and neural systems decide this balance

21
Q

Peripheral mechanisms of blood glucose control

A

Glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Gluconeogenesis - formation of glucose from amino acids

22
Q

Food Intake - Historic View

A

Controlled by “glucoreceptors” ; arteriovenous comparison

Hypothalamus

  • Lateral: Feeding Center
  • Medial: Satiety Center
23
Q

Food Intake - Contemporary View

A

Energy balance

Arcuate Nucleus

Metabolic Sensing Neurons - some help feeding behavior, some suppress it

No “Centers” in Hypothalamus - instead complex circuitry between hypothalamic nuclei

24
Q

Orexigenic vs Anorexigenic

A

Regulates feeding and body weight

Orexigenic = appetite stimulant

  • Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
  • Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)

Anorexigenic = appetite suppressant
- Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

25
Q

4 Hormones Controlling POMC and NPY-AgRP Activity

A

Leptin
PYY
Ghrelin
Insulin

26
Q

How the hormones regulate eating behaviors

A

Leptin and PYY - SUPPRESS feeding behavior

Ghrelin and insulin - ACTIVATE feeding behavior

27
Q

How glucose drives balance of eating behaviors

A

Increased glucose levels
- increased POMC firing → satiety

Decreased glucose levels
- increased NPY-AgRP firing → hunger

28
Q

2 Abnormalities of Glucose and Energy Metabolism

A

Obesity - progressive metabolic disorder of ENERGY homeostasis

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - progressive metabolic disorder of GLUCOSE homeostasis

29
Q

Impact of exercise on appetite

A

Acute exercise does not acutely increase appetite

Vigorous exercise may lead to a temporary suppression of appetite

30
Q

Exercise Effects on the Brain

A

Upregulation of neurotransmitter activity

Altered cerebral metabolism and cortisol levels

Increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - implications on memory

31
Q

Some studies show exercise training is more effective for fat loss in (men OR women?)

A

men

32
Q

Impacts of Exercise Training

A

improved satiety, weight/fat loss

Increased in fasting plasma PYY & fat loss (conflicting findings about ghrelin)

Does not induce a strong drive to increase food intake

Change in insulin resistance

Unit 1 (24 decks)

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