Common Blood Disorders (9/24a) [Biomedical Sciences 1] Flashcards

1
Q

Hematologic System

A

Blood, capillaries, arteries

Organs involved with blood flow

Very diffuse and systemic

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2
Q

Composition of blood

A

8% of total body weight is blood

45% is blood cells (formed elements)

  • Mostly red blood cells (erythrocytes) (>99%)
  • Also white blood cells (leukocytes) (<1%), platelets (<1%)

55% is plasma
-Made of water (91%), proteins (7%), and other solutes (2%)

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3
Q

Functions of hematologic system

A

Delivery of substances (oxygen, iron, etc) for cellular function

Removal of wastes

Immune function

Injury repair

Maintain acid/base balance

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Creation of blood cells

Occurs primarily in the bone marrow in adults

Starts with hematopoietic stem cells

Pluripotent - differentiate into variety of cell types

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5
Q

Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell, RBC)

A

Most common type of blood cell

Principal function - delivering oxygen via hemoglobin

Life span is about 90-120 days

Biconcave shape allows it to be flexible

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6
Q

Hemoglobin (HGB)

A

Protein within red blood cells

Required for formation:
Iron, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid

Binds and transports oxygen

Critical value: <8.0 g/dL
- <7.0 g/dL will receive transfusion

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7
Q

Hematocrit (HCT)

A

Percent of blood volume made up of red blood cells

Can be calculated → Hemoglobin x 3 = Hematocrit

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8
Q

Anemia - Overview

A

low levels of RBC, HGB, HCT

most common blood disorder - affects >3 mil

Due to deficiency of Iron/Vit B12/Folate, blood loss, hemolysis, bone marrow failure, etc.

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9
Q

Erythrocytosis/Polycythemia - Overview

A

high levels of RBC, HGB, HCT

Can occur in any hypoxic state

Due to lung disease, smoking, high altitudes, dehydration, polycythemia vera

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10
Q

Anemia

A

SIGNS: increased HR, lightheadedness, chest pain, SOB, tachycardia, tachypnea

PRECAUTIONS: frequent symptom check, Hb<7-8 slow movements

CONTRAINDICATIONS: rapid change in hemoglobin, Hb<7

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11
Q

Anemia - Types

A

Iron deficiency

Vit B12 and Folate deficiencies

Blood loss anemia

Anemia of chronic disease

Bone marrow failure

Sickle cell anemia

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12
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

SIGNS: musculoskeletal pain (esp. chest pain)

PRECAUTIONS: avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypoxia, cryotherapy

CONTRAINDICATIONS: acute sickle cell crisis

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13
Q

Leukopenia

A

SIGNS: fever

PRECAUTIONS: gloves, masks, hand washing, sterilize all equipment

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14
Q

Bleeding Disorders

A

SIGNS: joint pain, swelling, bruising, increased HR, decreased BP

PRECAUTIONS: no active grade V manipulations, fall precautions

CONTRAINDICATIONS: active bleedings, ADLs only when platelets <20k

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15
Q

Clotting Disorders

A

SIGNS: calf pain, swelling, redness, chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increased HR

CONTRAINDICATIONS: suspected pulmonary emboli, not on anticoagulant, unstable vital signs

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16
Q

Leukocyte (White Blood Cell, WBC)

A

Principle function: immune and inflammatory responses

Normal Range: 5,000 – 10,000 cells/mcL

Differential – multiple types of white blood cells

17
Q

WBC - Neutrophil

A

respond to bacterial infections

18
Q

WBC - Lymphocyte

A

respond to viral infections

19
Q

WBC - Monocyte

A

innate immune system

20
Q

WBC - Eosinophil

A

parasitic infections and allergic reactions

21
Q

WBC - Basophil

A

inflammatory mediator

22
Q

Leukopenia - Overview

A

low levels of WBC

Due to aplastic anemia, sepsis, viral infection, malignancy, medications, genetic

23
Q

Leukocytosis - Overview

A

high levels of WBC

Due to bacterial infection, inflammation, stress, trauma, medications, malignancy

24
Q

Leukopenia/Neutropenia

A

Increased susceptibility to infections

Particularly notable when absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1000

Precautions: hand hygiene, sterilize equipment, wear PPE

25
4 main types of leukemias
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (most common in kids, good prognosis) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (poor prognosis) Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (most common in adults, slow progression) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ("Philadelphia chromosome"
26
Lymphomas vs Leukemias
lymphomas are similar to lymphocytic leukemias, but involve lymphatic organs (thymus, spleen, lymph node)
27
2 main types of lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Hodgkin’s disease (young adults, good prognosis w chemo)
28
Platelets
Principle function: hemostasis and inflammatory response Not truly a blood cell → they are little pieces of cytoplasm (megakaryocytes) Normal range: 140,000 – 400,000 Life span ~7 – 10 days too few = easy bleed too many = clots
29
Thrombocytopenia - Overview
low levels of platelets Consumption, Sequestration, Dilution risk of easy bleeding/bruising <20k only ADLs 20-50k light exertion, aerobic, aquatic <100k limit heavy resistance
30
Thrombocytosis - Overview
high levels of platelets Essential, Reactive, Polycythemia vera stroke, chest pain, weakness Too many platelets → clots
31
Blood Disorders
Hemostasis Von Willebrand disease Hemophilia
32
Clotting Disorders
Virchow's Triad Venous Thromboembolism (DVT and PE) Factor V Leiden Protein C and/or S deficiency