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Unit 1 > Cancer (9/26a) [Biomedical Sciences 1] > Flashcards

Cancer (9/26a) [Biomedical Sciences 1] Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

tumor

new tissue growth

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2
Q

Cancer

A

Spectrum of disease characterized by abnormal growth of cells resulting in distorted tissue architecture

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3
Q

Benign

A

Noncancerous - but can still be harmful

Non-invasive

Do not spread

Slow growing

Encapsulated

Well-differentiated cells

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4
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous

Capable of invasion and local/distant spread (metastasis)

Fast growing

Invasive, infiltrative

Anaplastic, undifferentiated, and/or immature cells

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5
Q

Origin - Epithelial tissue

A

(skin, glands, GI/GU, reproductive)

Benign- adenoma

Malignant- carcinoma

Malignant glandular cells- adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

Origin - Connective tissue

A

(bone, fat, muscle, cartilage)

Benign- tissue type plus “-oma”

Malignant- sarcoma

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7
Q

Classification is based on

A

Benign vs malignant
Tissue of origin
Anatomic location

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8
Q

Dysplastic

A

abnormal cells that are not cancerous

often precursor to cancerous lesions

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9
Q

In situ

A

neoplasm that has not invaded adjacent structures (isolated)

lower grade malignancy than ones that have spread

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10
Q

Approximately ___% of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime

A

40%

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11
Q

Common cancers for men/women

A

MEN: prostate, lung, colorectal

WOMEN: breast, lung, colorectal

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12
Q

Necessary components of healthy cell growth

A

Recognize DNA damage or errors in replication

Activate checkpoints to stop further/unnecessary replication

Implement corrective measures or induce apoptosis

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13
Q

Reasons for loss of control of cell growth

A

Genetic
Epigenetic
Abnormal signaling

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14
Q

Cancer Reasons - Genetic

A

something in someone’s genetics that predisposes them for cancer

EX: tumor suppressor genes inactivated (p53, BRCA1&2), activated protooncogenes and oncogenes, foreign genetic material (HPV)

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15
Q

Cancer Reasons - Epigenetic

A

genetic factors signaled by something in the environment

EX: poor diet, obesity, hormones, smoking

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16
Q

Cancer Reasons - Abnormal Signaling

A

lack of signaling to stop cell proliferation

EX: hormone receptors (estrogen), angiogenesis (VEGF)

17
Q

___ is a stepwise alteration in cellular function due to underlying cell abnormalities

A

neoplasia

18
Q

3 hallmarks of cancer

A

Proliferation
Invasion
Metastatic potential

19
Q

most common sites of metastasis

A

brain, lungs, liver, bone

20
Q

risk factors for cancer

A

weight, genetics, immunocompromised, nutitirion, sun exposure, viruses, tobacco/alcohol, etc

21
Q

Cancer screening

A

Colorectal - colonoscopy @ 50

Breast - mammogram @ 40-50

Cervical - pap smear @ 21

Prostate - PSA test + rectal exam @ 50

Lung - low dose CT @ 55 (>30 pack year)

22
Q

Ways to diagnose cancer

A

Screening, genetic testing, diagnostic imaging, clinical manifestations, biopsy, incidental finding

23
Q

Symptoms - CAUTION

A

C - Change in bowel or bladder habits

A - A sore that does not heal

U - Unusual bleeding or discharged

T - Thickening or lump (in breast or elsewhere)

I - Inability to swallow food easily

O - Obvious change in a wart or mole

N - Nagging cough or hoarseness

24
Q

Symptoms - Organ Specific

A

Liver: jaundice, ascites

Lung: dyspnea, cough

Bone: fractures, pain

Brain: confusion, loss of coordination

Breast: nipple discharge, skin changes

Colon: constipation

25
Q

Cancer - Grade

A

Grade = how abnormal is the cell?

I: almost normal, well-differentiated

III, IV, V: so undifferentiated and anaplastic, hard to recognize cell of origin

26
Q

Cancer - Stage

A

Tumor, Nodes, and Metastases (TNM) system

Size and degree of local invasion

Number of regional lymph nodes affected

Spread to distant sites

Stage I: small, local tumor

Stage IV: widespread metastatic disease

27
Q

Cancer - Treatment

A

Curative intent (5 year disease free)

Palliative (improve symptoms and QoL)

Hospice care (comfort, QoL, no life saving treatment, <6 months)

28
Q

Role of PT in Cancer

A 
Prevention
Detection
Treatment
Survivorship
Lower risk of recurrence
29
Q

PT cancer precautions - emergent

A

Sudden onset or worsening shortness of breath

Sudden onset of lower extremity/calf swelling or pain

Sudden worsening muscle weakness or neurologic deficit

Unstable vital signs

30
Q

PT cancer precautions - urgent

A

Increase or change in pain

New palpable mass

Worsening or new lymphedema

Worsening mental status

Change in continence

Unit 1 (24 decks)

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