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BMF > intro to nervous system > Flashcards

intro to nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system is composed of —— and it consists of 2 systems:
1—- which includes:
2- —- which includes:

A
  • brain , spinal cord , prepherial nerves
  • central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord
  • prepherial nervous system which includes cranial nerves ( 12 pairs ) and spinal nerves ( 31 pairs usually )
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2
Q

nerves cells are known as —- and they function to transmit — to other nerve cells , muscles, or gland cell which is basic working unit of brain.
this nerve cell consist of:

A
  • neuron
  • info
  • consist of:
    1- cytoplasm
    2- nucleas
    3- cell body ( soma )
    4- axons
    5- dendrite
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3
Q

the 3 types of neurons are:
1- —- which is sensory neuron in PSN
2- — receptor-axon-cell body-axon CNS eg. —–
3- —- which is found throughout the CNS , as multiple —- and a single —- eg.

A

1- pseudunipolar ( pseudo = false , uni = one )
2- bipolar eg. . peripheral sensory neurons for olfaction (smell), vision, hearing & balance
3- mutlipolar , multiple dendrite and a single exon as motor neurons
( check structure plsss)

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4
Q

—– provide structural support and myelin

A

supporting cells

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5
Q

brain and spinal cord:
1- glial cells:
—- produces myelin
—- for structural support eg. insulates synapse , uptake and synthesis of neurotransmitters
glial cells brain tumours are known as —-
2- —- specilized macrophages that remove damaged neurones and infection
3- —– are cells from epithelial lining of the ventricles in the brain and central canal of the spinal cord from the secretory epithelium ( choroid plexus ) that produces the cerborpsinal fluid

A

-Oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes
- gliomas
- microglia
- epidermal cells

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6
Q

the nerves in PNS are — which produce

A

Schwann cells produce myelin
( check slide 7 for structure )

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7
Q

in CNS:
1- Brain within —
2- spinal cord within —-
- the brain is — with the spinal cord at the —- which is a hole in base of skull through which the spinal cord passes

A
  • cranium
  • vertebral canal of the vertebral column
  • continuous
  • foramen magum
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8
Q

-meninges is a —–
contains – layers surrounding ——- which are:
- its a sub-arachnoid spaces between —–

A
  • connective tissue membrane
  • 3 layers
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • dura mater , arachnoid , pia
  • arachnid and Pia which is filled w cerebrospinal fluid and arteries
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9
Q

brain :
1- the —–: right and left cerebral hemisphere and consists of —- and is —–
2- brain stem consist of:
3- cerebellum :

A
  • forebrain
  • lobes
  • thalamic strcuture
  • midbrain , pons , medulla oblongata
  • behind pons
    ( check structure slide 11 )
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10
Q

the through midline of right and left refers to —- view of the brain which consists of:

A
  • sagittal
    consists of:Cerebral hemisphere
    1-Corpus collosum
    2-Thalamic structures
    -Thalamus
    -Hypothalamus
    3-Cerebellum
    4-Brain stem
    -Midbrain
    -Pons
    -Medulla
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11
Q

the brain when divided into front and back refers to —- view which consists of:

A
  • coronal view
    1-Grey ( where cell body is found ) & white matter ( usually formed from myelinated axons )
    2-Ventricles ( CHECK SLIDE 13 FOR STRCUTRE IMPORTANT )
    3-Cerebrum
    4-Cerebellum
    5-Brain stem
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12
Q

grey and white matter:
1- neural tissue consist of:
2- most axons are surrounded by – which is found in —-
consists of:
3- the cell bodies are found in —-
4- in the spinal cord the grey matter is —

A
  • axons and cells bodies
  • myelin in the white matter which consists of:
  • all CNS axons , most PNS axons
  • oligiodendroytes and Schwann cells
  • myelin insulates which speeds conduction
  • grey matter
  • butterfly shaped
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13
Q

-the spinal cord is from — at the – of the – to —–
- its continuous w —-
- surrounded by —-
- functions:

A
  • foreman magnum at the base of the skull to L1 vertebra
  • medulla oblongata
    -meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and bone
  • functions:
    1-Reflex center for each spinal cord segment (e.g. spinal reflexes)
    2-Conduction pathway for impulses going to and from the brain
    ( check structure slide 16 ,17,18)
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14
Q

the PNS is consists of: —– and — which is divided into —

A

1- somatic nervous system which deals w controlling skeletal muscle
2- autonomic nervous system which regulates glands , blood vessels and internal organs consist of:
- sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight
- parasympathetic nervous system: rest and digest

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15
Q

In PNS:
- a — should always mean a peripheral nerve as — and —
- consist of collection of —-
- has —-
- nerve fiber is known as —

A
  • nerve
  • cranial and spinal
  • collection of axons
  • connective tissue
  • axons
    ( check structure 20 )
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16
Q

cranial nerves have – pairs from the brain which include :
I :
II:
III , IV , VI :
V :
VII :
VIII :
IX , X
XI :
XII

A
  • 12 pairs
    I smell
    II vision
    III, IV, VI eye movements
    V facial and scalp sensation, mandibular movements
    VII facial expression
    VIII hearing, balance
    IX, X swallowing, phonation
    XI neck and head movements
    XII tongue movements
17
Q

spinal nerves have – pairs from the spinal cord consist of :

A
  • 31 pairs
    consist of:
    1- 8 cervical (neck)
  • C1-8 for neck and upper limb
    2- 12 thoracic
  • T1-12 for upper limb and thorax
    3- 5 lumbar
  • L1-5 for abdomen and lower limb
    4- 5 sacral
  • S1-5 for lower limb and perineum
    -The urinary and anal sphincters, and the external genitalia, are supplied by S2-4 (sphincters and sex)
    5-1 coccygeal
18
Q

spinal nerves are connected to spinal cord by —-
1- sensory:
- is —
- enters — aspect of spinal cord
- cell body in —
- — cluster of neural cell bodies outside CNS

2- motor:
- are —
- exists — aspect of spinal cord
- cell body in —-

A
  • dorsal and ventral root
  • afferent
  • posterior
  • spinal( dorsal root )ganglion
  • ganglion
  • efferent
  • anterior
  • spinal cord of grey matter
19
Q
  • spinal nerves and plexuses:
    1- spinal nerves exit —
    2- may form — of nerves :
  • combine — from —-
  • form new — w —–
    example:
A
  • spinal cord
  • plexuses-network of nerves
  • fibres from different levels
  • new nerves w specific targets or destination
    as: median nerve (brachial plexus) contains fibres from C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1
20
Q

—–are of a skin supplied by one spinal nerve which may help identify —-

A

dermatomes , helps identify site of lesion
example:the dermatome of S1 is supplied by S1 nerve which arises from S1 segment of spinal nerve (Sural nerve)

21
Q

—– are group of muscle that a single spinal nerve innervates

A
  • myotomes as; L3: knee extension
22
Q

-Simplest, quickest form of activity in the nervous system
-Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
are known as —-
these are — which includes
or they can be —-
the stages include:

A

-reflexes/ reflex arc
- monosynaptic as knee and ankle
- polysynaptic
- stages :
1-Receptor
2-Sensory neuron
3-Integration centre
4-Motor neuron
5-Effector

23
Q

-direction of nerve impulses : sensory and motor:
1- sensory afferent impulses move —- CNV
2- motor efferent impulses move — CNV
-nature of perception: somatic sensory - autominc visceral sensory:
1- we are acutely aware of these; well localised (e.g. sharp pain, touch). Generally originate in body wall structures rather than internal organs is known as —-
2- : either imperceptible, only vaguely localisable, or only become perceptible in disease. From blood vessels and internal organs (viscera) is known as —
- types of action; voumatry motor and atomic visceral or involuntary motor:
1- —– control skeletal muscle over which we have voluntary control
2- —— control muscle over which we do not normally have voluntary control

A
  • towards
  • away
  • somatic senstation
  • visceral sensation
  • voluntary motor impulses
  • Visceral (involuntary) motor or autonomic
24
Q

atomic nervous system effect in parasympathetic and sympthatic:

A

1- sympathetic:
-Alert, wary, increases heart rate & contractility, blood pressure rises
-Blood vessels to muscles dilate , ready for running away
-Pupil dilation ,for good distant vision
-bronchioles dialtion
- close sphincter
2- para:
-Decreases heart rate and contractility
-Relaxes the gut tube muscle
-Pupil constriction
-Bronchioles constriction
-Open sphincters

25
Q

autonomic impulse to smooth muscle pass 2 —- neurons which are:

A
  • peripheral
    -Preganlionic neuron
    -Postganglionic neuron
26
Q

1—— Synapse <> the pre-and postganglionic neurons
2- —– where cell bodies of sensory neurons in a particular nerve are located
3- ganglia are either —-

A
  • autonomic ganglion
  • sensory ganglion
  • sensory or autonomic never both
27
Q

pregnalionic in sympathetic is —- and in para is —-
postganglionic is —– in sympthatic and — in para

A
  • short , long
  • long , short
28
Q

pre ganglion ( white fibres ) may run —- chain before — and the exiting via —

A
  • up or down
  • synapsing
  • nerve
    ( check slides for strcuwes soooooo important)

BMF (17 decks)

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