intro to immune system Flashcards
—- is a complex network of organs, cells & mediators that work together to maintain homeostasis & protect us against infection
- why do we need it:
- it helped us work on vacation and had key innovation in :
- increasing world wide issues as;
immune system
we need it for:
1. Defend against invading microbes & repair ourselves after injury
2. Identify & destroy cancer cells that arise in body
3. Remove worn-out cells & tissue debris
- key innovations as:
➢Safe organ transplantation
➢Identification of blood groups
➢Manipulation of the immune system to treat various diseases
➢Immunotherapy
- world wide issues as;
➢Viral outbreaks
➢339m suffer asthma
➢10% world’s population have allergies
➢50 million Americans with autoimmune conditions
—– prevents pathigens from getting into the body
—– helps trap and expel pathogens
—- blocks entry
— protects urigential tract
- barrier immunity
- mucous
- skin
- acidity
the 3 tiers of hist defence against infection is:
- natural barriers
- innate immunity
- adaptive immunity
natural barriers can be:
1- physical as :
2- chemical as:
- acids as:
- anti-microbial enzymes as:
-anto micorbial peptides as:
3- mechanical as:
1- natural: - Skin
- Epithelial lining - gut, lungs, oral cavity
& genital tracts
- Commensal Bacteria competes for nutrients
2- chemical
- acids as:
- Salt & Low pH of sweat (pH 3-5)
- Low pH of stomach acid (pH 2)
- anti-microbial enzymes as:
- lysozyme
- in tears, saliva, gut & phagocytes
- enzyme breaks down bacterial cell walls
- anti-microbial peptides as:
- defensins, cathelicidins & histatins
- ancient defense against infection
- produced by epithelial cells & phagocytes
- disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi & virus
3- mechanical as:
- Tears
- Mucus traps microbes & prevents
adherence
- Cilia aids flushing of mucus, cells &
microbes
- Rapid turnover of epithelial cells
- Peristalsis: continuous movement of
food & microbes
defensins , cathelicidns and histatins are all under —
antimirocbial peptides ( chemical)
— is the physical barrier to infection and it works by using —- which has high — and low —
- it also has the —- which outcompetes foreign bacteria for nutrients
- barrier failure can be due to – which is an opportunity for infection and if the —– is lost so dangerous bacteria,
such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can colonise
- skin
- sweat
- high salts and low ph ( ph 3-5)
- protective commensal bacteria as ( staphylococcus epidermdis)
- cuts
- commensal bacteira
- respiratory tract use: —- and —- which they have —-
- it has mechanical process through:
- —- of epithelial cells flush mucus, bacteria and pathogens
- it also has respiratory commensal microbiota protects
- barrier failure includes:
- asal hair and mucos ( which has lysosome aka anti microbial enzyme )
- protective cough and sneeze reflex
- cilia
- smoking which damages cilia, epithelium & triggers inflammation
- viral infection
- bacteria infection which is often 2ndary to viral infection
eyes use : — and – to prevent particles and sweat from entering the eye
- tears contain —
- mechanical proces by:
- barrier failure by :
- eyebrows and eyelash
- lysosome ( antibacterial enzyme )
- blink reflex ( wiper action )
- infection either bacterial, fungal , viral
-Can affect eyeball, cornea or eyelid
-Poor antibiotic penetration of the eye
-Bacterial eye infection can be difficult to treat
gastrointestinal has —-
mechanical process by – which moves pathogens along
- — and — to get rid of pathogens and toxins
- stomach has — with ph of – and it —- and – pathogens
- small and large commensal flora keep dangerous bacteria at bay
- has anti-microbial peptides as — are produced by — and —-
barrier failure includes:
- physical epithelial barrier
- peristalsis
- vomittinf and diarrogeoa
- gastric acid ph of 2
- denurtrates proteins and kill pathogens
- defensin
- produced by epithelial ad immune cells
- colonoscopy and antibiotics
in genitourinty tract:
- the mechanical flow of — cleanses
- bladder contains —
- vaginal liming has — which is hard for pathogens to survive
- vaginas natural commensal flora inhibits growth of dangerous pathogens such as yeast candida which prevents dangours microbe attachment , limits availability source and produce anti-microbial chemicals
- barrier failure are:
-urine
- lysosome ( anti microbial enzyme )
- low acidic of ph 4.4
- uti which is the most common infection in humans
-All immune cells come from
hematopoietic stem cells in the —
-Some immune cells stay in the blood (‘circulating’) for example:
- Some of them live in the peripheral
tissues and patrol them for example:
-Some of them need special organs to maturate as:
- t and b cells await to be activated in —
- bone marrow
- neutrophils
- macrophages and dendritic cells
- primary lymphoid organs and t and b cells which are also called lymphocytes
- 2ndary lymphoid organs
- primary lymphoid organs are:
- 2ndary lymphoid organs are:
- bone marrow and thymus for lymphoid maturation
- 2ndary:
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Appendix
- Tonsils
- Adenoids
- Peyer’s patches
all of these are for lymphocyte storage/reservoir
in innate system it responds — to microbes
- granulocytes:
- agrnaulacytes:
- destroy threat by:
1- englulfing and destroying pathogens by :
2- secreting toxins by
3- sending signals for recruitment by
4- triggering inflammation by
5- commutation w adaptive immune cells by
- rapidly
- neutrophils basophils estinophils and mast cells
- monocytes , dendtritic cells and macrophages
-phagocytosis - degruulation
- chemokine
- cytokines and inflammatory mediators
- antigen presentation
-Key to a healthy immune system – the ability to distinguish between :
- self is:
- non self as:
- self and non self
- me
- bacteria virus fungi parasite and cancer cells which can activate immune response ( antigen )
-proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids,
carbohydrates that make up our own cells, tissues & organs are known as:
-As our immune system
matures it learns to recognise our self molecules & not react to them this is known as:
-protein, DNA, RNA, lipid & sugars of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or cancer cells that are recognised as
‘non-self’ by the innate immune cells this is known as : —
- receptors on the surface of innate immune cells that recognise the PAMPs this is known as:
- self molecules
- tolerance to self molecules
- PAMPS
- PRR patterns recognition receptors
