immune protection Flashcards
true or false:
the goal of vaccination is to reduce the risk and/or severity of vaccine-preventable illnesses
true or false:
the people we vaccinate are:
* Children schedule of immunisations for vaccine-preventable illnesses
* Vulnerable groups eg. pregnant women: Pertussis vaccine, flu vaccine…
eg. immunocompromised patients: meningitis, pneumococcal, flu vaccines…
eg. elderly patients: pneumococcal, flu vaccine…
* Occupational risk eg. healthcare workers: MMR, Hepatitis, influenza, pertussis, varicella, (BCG)…
eg. prison, security workers: Hepatitis B, (BCG)…
* Travel vaccines location-dependent; eg. yellow fever, cholera…
Goal: to reduce the risk and/or severity of vaccine-preventable illnesses
Also: Ad hoc public health vaccinations – eg. COVID, monkeypox…
true
vaccination is the inducing a protective immune response by exposure to — or their components and vaccination can be —- or —-
microbes
active and passive
1-active antigen:
exposure the body to an —
an adaptive immune response is developed after —-
the protection is usually —-
2- passive antigen :
provides — to protect against infection
protection is — but —-
usually classified as — or —
antigen
7-14 days
long lasting or lifelong
antibodies
immediate but short lived ( few weeks)
natural or acquired
passive immunisation - principle:
1- transfers —- against disease-causing protein or pathogen to patient
2- has an —- effect/protection
3- —- : - transfer of maternal IgG to foetus across the placenta; transfer
of IgA to newborn in breast milk.
4- — : introduce antibodies from other individuals or animals
( CAVEATS: Generates no memory cells; protection is transient)
passive immunisation- external antibodies used for — toxins , and for — to treat high risk groups as pre-term babies, the immunocompromised.
sources:
* Individuals recovering from the disease – measles, chickenpox, hepatitis B, CMV
* Animals injected with —
Eg. snake venom, spider venom
* ——
antibodies
immediate
natural
artificial
neutralise toxins
for infection
with toxins
monoclonal antibodies
active immunisation - principle:
1- introduces — to individuals for immune response
2- an — humoral immune response is critical (antibodies)
3- the — humeral immune response is quicker and more effective than — humeral response
* The more similar a vaccine is to the disease-causing form of the
organism, the better the immune response to the vaccine
- antigen
- adaptive
- 2ndary
- primary
( check slide 10 for graph )
the requirements for effective active immunisation :
1-Induce adaptive — immune response with antibody secretion and
the generation of long-lasting —- and —
2- Requires cooperation with — ( which needs – presenting to — and — ) and—- ( by which cd4+ and T cells differentiate into — and secrete —– to help b cells ) cellular immune response
- info: The longest-lasting humoral immune response has help from—
- humoral
- innate which needs APCs presenting to CD4+ T cells
- cellular which differentiates into Th-4 ad IL-5
- T cells
types of vaccines :
1- live attenuated vaccines:
- attenuated/weakened from – microbes
- must — to be effective
- immune response similar to – infection
- usually effective w – dose
- disadvantage : may cause the — they are designed to protect against as it could be revert back to virelcne or be insfuufienctly attenuated for high risk patient.
- example: MMR , MCG , rotavirus vaccines
2- killed / inactivated vaccines:
- kills the microbe using —
- used mostly for — but since it cant replicate it gets — immune response
- need — asdmisntration
- advantage: safer and cant be mutated back to vurelnt type , stable and easily stored
example: Polio, hepatitis A, rabies, influenza (viral pathogens)
Pertussis, typhoid, cholera, plague (bacterial pathogens)
3- subunit vaccines :
- only includes – of the pathogens that best induce an immune response
- examples:
* Toxins– diphtheria and tetanus
* Bacterial coat polysaccharides - Neisseria
meningitidis or Haemophilus influenzae
4- virus like particle ( VLP) vaccines :
- protein shell made to look like – without —-
- elicits a strong — and —- response
- examples:
* Hepatitis B vaccine
Developed against surface antigens on virus
* HPV vaccine (GardasilTM)
Developed against surface antigens on the most common HPV strains that cause cervical cancer
- wild
- replicare
- natural
- one dose
- illness
- heat chemicals irradiation
- bacteria
- weaker immune response
- parts
- virus without genetic material
- strong t and b cell response
how to make mRNA vaccines :
1- prepare antigenic sequence as part of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as — or —
2- encapsulate in — for delivery into cells
3- – gets exposed
4- induces robust — and — immune response
5- cheap , – used , and have — properties
- modified or synthetic mRNA
- lipid nanoparticles
- proteins
- innate and adaptive
- rapidly
- adjuvant
adjuvants - vaccination dirty little secret lol:
1- promotes a —- immune respinse
2- inclusion of contaminates in early vaccines — response
3- aid —-
4- usually component will activate —
5- examples:
- strong innate
- increased
- antigen presentation
- TLR
- examples:
- Bacterial particles like dried, inactivated Mycobacteria (in Freund’s Adjuvant)
- Viral DNA
- Alum (aluminium hydroxide)
adverse effects of vaccines :
1- —- carry risk of infecting immunocompromised individuals as young ppl elderly immodfienct transplant patients etc
2- cutaneous reactions at injection site, mostly —-
3- some systemic effects as :
4- hypersentistivites as:
5- excipient effects as egg protein and preservatives are rare but often manageable ( examples: patient with severe egg allergy should get flu vaccine under medical supervision)
6- passive vaccination: most IVIG side effects are — and —- as:
live
local mild inflammation
fever malaise headaches fatigue
type iii arthus reactions and type I anaphylaxic which is rare
- mild and transient as: Eg. headache, chills, myalgia, nausea, tachycardia, hypotension
the 2 types of antibodies as therapeutic agents are:
polyclonal antibodies ( many antibodies recognised by one antigen )
monoclonal antobdoeis
- Diphtheria antitoxin;
tetanus anti-toxin; anti-venom for certain snake bites are examples of
polyclonal antibodies
another examples of polyclonal antibodies:
1- ATG - anti thymocyte globulin
- source from :
- used to deplete — and prevent organ — for post transplant in moderate/severe cases of aplastic anemia
2- Anti-D (RhD) immunoglobulin, pooled human polyclonal blood product:
- sources: female RhD- – blood donors naturally immunised during pregansty w RhD– fetouse , RhD negative males volunteers immunised w RhD antigen
-used in 000 patients and decoy ro prevent — diseases of the newborn
- polyclonal antibodies from course or rabbit serum
- T cells and prevent organ rejection
- female Red -ve and the baby is +ve
- in autoimmne thromocytepernia patients and prevents haemolytic disease due to rheas incompatibility
polyclonal antibodies advantage and limiation :
Advantages
- Better immunity?? The endogenous immune response is polyclonal in nature!
- Cheaper than monoclonal antibodies
Limitations
- Theoretical risk of infection from pooled blood products
Eg. Hepatitis C contamination of Anti-D from Irish blood products in 1970s
- May confound results in serological testing
- Possibility of local inflammation at injection site, possibility of systemic side effects
Purified, pooled, sterilised IgG from the plasma of >1,000 donors is known as –
propose: —- to reduce/prevent infection , — in autoimmne or inflammatory disease
- specific indication includes:
- advantages :
- drawbacks:
- IVIG aka intravenous immunoglobulin
- antibody replacement
- immonodulator
- indications include:
- Primary immunodeficiencies eg. CVID, humoral immunodeficiency
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
- Neurological conditions – Guillain-Barré Syndrome, some neuropathies
- Kawasaki disease
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- advantages: life-saving or at least life-enabling
- drawback:
- Side effects incl. headache, chills, myalgia, nausea, tachycardia, hypotension… usually mild, transient
and reversible; - Thrombotic complications (rare), acute renal failure (rare);
- Theoretical risk of transmitting infection (eg. cases of Hepatitis C, human parovirus);
- May confound recent vaccination and serological testing;
- Not indicated in patients with IgA deficiency, often develop anaphylaxis.
