extracellular infection Flashcards
- interstitial spaces , blood , lymph and works on epithelial surface for bacteria fungi protozoa and helminth —>
- cytoplasmic for virus and works on vesticular for bacteria fungi protozoa
- extracellular
- intracellular
— bacteria/paarsites that live and mutably outside the body as:
➢ Streptococci pyogenes
➢ Staphlococcus aureus
➢ Haemophilus influenza ( its bacteria not a virus )
➢ Schistosoma mansoni
— orgasims that invade a cell to survive/mulibly/evade detection as:
vive/multiply/evade detection
➢ Listeria monocytogenes
➢ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
➢ Viruses (truly intracellular)
extracellular
intracellular
cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity is required:
—- and — at site of infection early line of defence in innate immunity
– and existing cculating – specific to outer coat proteins or lipids
- antigen presentation to T cells will activate —- and —-
- macrophages and dendritic cells
- b cells and antibodies
- t helper and cytotoxic
innate immunity to extracellular infection actions in:
- complement activation
- phagocytosis
- inflammatory response
complement activation :
—- pathway is activated by antibody recognition from previous infections
—- pathway is activated by peptidoglycans in cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria
—- pathway is activated by bacteria that express mannose on their surface
—- formation is important for the neisseria species
classical
alternative
lectin
MAC
( check slides for graph plss)
phagocytosis is initiated by — and —-
killing of microbes happens in — via — and —
activation of innate immune cells cause production of —- as:
- mannose receptors and complement receptors
- phagolysome
- reactive oxygen species ROS and nitric acid NO
- inglammatory mediators as:
➢ TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, prostaglandin etc
mediate inflammation
➢ Instructive cytokines to guide T cells differentiation
( check slide 11 for pic pls)
adaptive immunity to extracellular micorbes use:
helper T cells and antibody production for b cells
( check slide 12)
immune response to streptococci:
1- gram —- bacteria and is —
2- shaped —
3- its —
4- coat is rich in —
5- release —
6- includes:
positive
aerobic
spherical
encapsulated
polysaccharide rich coat
toxins
streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumonia
the most common medical injuries of streptococcus are:
the most serious are:
most common:
- pharyngitis
- skin infections as:
- impetigo
- scarlet fever
- cellulite
most serious:
- toxic shock syndrome
- penumonia
- necrotising fasciitis
the overview of immune response to steptococci:
- — microbe
- resident — indue phagocytosis and inflammation
- recruitment of —
- antigen presentation to —
- —- production by —
- extraceullar
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- CD4+ t helper cells
- antibody production by b cells
recognition and activation of innate immunity:
— pathogen associated molecular patterns
— pattern recognition receptors
— toll-line receptors
—– initiates inflammation
- antigen presentation occurs in —
—– instructive cytokines (secreted by apcs) that cause T cell differentiation —> — subset
PAMP
PRR
TLR
IL-1/TNF/IL8
IL-23
TH17
T17 are imprortat against extracellular bacterial infections and their function is:
*Recruits neutrophils
*Release of antimicrobial peptides
*Increased barrier integrity
( check slide 19 plsss)
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Candida
are all examples of — - IL-23 ( ustekinumab ) — > — which gives —
- Th17 good and bad
- TH17 –> IL-17 IL22 aka secrukinumb
b cell response to streptococci :
1-protein antigen as –>
- isotope switching leads to the production of — and — which is important for mucosal protection
- generation of —- cells which reside in the — and —
- production of — which resides in —- of —-
2- non protein antigens as—>
1- minimal isotope switching leading to — production for the complement activation
2- generation of — affinity and — lived plasma cells ( IgM isotope ) which reside in the – and — which is important for hyposplenism
3- no —
- toxin
- IgG and IgA
- long lived plasma cells
- bone marrow and gut
- memory b cells
- marginal zones of 2ndary lymph organs
- lipoteichoic acid
- IgM
- low affinity
- short lived plasma cells
- spleen and musocsa
- no memory cells
— will neutralise , activate compliment , and promote opsonisation
the —- are directed towards the — to prevent entrance but also towards —
- —- tags the streptococcus for — and — by —
- compliment activation triggers more — and —
- antibodies
- neutralising antibodies
- streptococcus
- exotoxin ( as strepyolysin O & S)
- opposition
- recognition ad phagocytosis
- by macrophages
- opsonisation and inflammation
( check slide 22 23)
