Intro to Learning (7) Flashcards
What is negative reinforcement?
removal of aversive stimulus after a response
What is an escape behavior?
behavior that puts an end to experiencing an aversive stimulus
What is avoidance behavior?
behavior that prevents aversive stimuli
What is the one process theory?
avoidance responses occur based on the fear of shock
How are avoidance responses reinforced?
by a lack of aversive experiences
What is the 2 process theory of avoidance (Mowrer 1947)?
Classical conditioning results in a fear response to a CS
Operant conditioning, negative reinforcement maintains a fear response
How does the 2 process theory of avoidance work?
- after initial classical conditioning, operant conditioning maintains phobia
- As aversive stimulus is always avoided, little chance for habituation to occur
What is OCD?
persistent thoughts/impulse = obsessions
Symptoms of OCD?
repetitive behaviors carried out
Potential causes for OCD?
Conditioning could be the cause.
Billet et al. - genetic predisposition
How can conditioning maintain OCD?
- obsessions increase anxiety
2. Compulsive behaviors provide negative reinforcement
How can the 2 process theory of avoidance be used to treat OCD (3 steps)?
- expose person to aversive stimuli
- prevent compulsive behavior
- Overtime habituate to aversive stimuli
What is dissociative identity disorder?
Multiple personalities occur as different patterns of behavior are each reinforced differently
What other name does dissociative identity disorder have?
Multiple Personality Disorder
How does dissociative identity disorder develop?
as a result of exposure to chronic traumatic events
Why does dissociative identity disorder develop?
covert avoidance response to cope with abuse, negatively reinforces behavior by reducing anxiety.
How does dissociative identity disorder deal with distress?
compartmentalises it into separate personalities and experiences.
What is the socio cognitive theory of Dissociative Identity Disorder?
suggestive influence, demand characteristics from others can suggest to patient how to behave
Kirsch et al had a group who was susceptible to hypnotism and a control group, what did he find in his experiment?
the experimental group was hypnotized when the experimenter was present and absent where as the control group was only hypnotized when the experimenter was present.
What is positive punishment?
application of an aversive stimulus
What is negative punishment?
removal of an appetitive stimulus
Factors that affect punishment?
Delay
Intensity
Schedule
Stimulus Control
How does Delay affect punishment?
at the same time or immediately after the behavior makes it effective.
How does Intensity affect punishment?
More intense = more effective
How does Schedule affect punishment?
continuous and consistent punishment is more effective.
How does Stimulus Control affect punishment?
if the stimulus can apply to all areas of life = more effective
3 weaknesses of using punishment?
- organism may develop fear and avoidance
- punisher may become a discriminating stimulus, rendering the punishment useless
- Does not affect appropriate behavior
Seligman (1967) had a group of dogs already conditioned to shocks in a shuttle box and a new group in the same box and found?
Old group did not try to escape where as new group did, shows that previous punishment meant the escape behavior in the old dogs had ceased
3 benefits of punishment?
- Increases social behavior
- Improves mood
- Increase attention
How can punishment increase social behavior?
can elicit affectionate behavior
How can punishment improve mood?
Distracts them from previous source of bad behavior
How can punishment increase attention?
vigilance occurs, fear of punishment
