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Intro to Learning > Intro to Learning (6) > Flashcards

Intro to Learning (6) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main schedules of reinforcement?

A

Ratio

Interval

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2
Q

What is a ‘ratio’ schedule of reinforcement?

A

behavior is rewarded after a certain number of responses

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3
Q

What is an ‘interval’ schedule of reinforcement?

A

Behavior is rewarded after a certain time period has passed

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4
Q

What are 2 sub types of ratio reinforcement schedule?

A

fixed ratio

variable ratio

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5
Q

What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

A

fixed number of responses for one reward

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6
Q

What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

A

varied number of responses per reward

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7
Q

What are 2 sub types of interval reinforcement schedule?

A

fixed interval

variable interval

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8
Q

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

A

fixed amount of time passes for one reward

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9
Q

What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

A

varied amounts of time pass for one reward

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10
Q

3 other schedules of reinforcement?

A

Duration
Response Rate
Noncontingent

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11
Q

What is a duration schedule of reinforcement?

A

reward given based on how long the desired behavior is performed for

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12
Q

Problems with duration schedules of reinforcement?

A

if the reward is not proportionate to the behavior performed, the behavior desired will stop

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13
Q

What is a response rate schedule of reinforcement?

A

Reward based on rate of response.

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14
Q

What is a non-contingent schedule of reinforcement?

A

reward given randomly irrespective of organisms behavior.

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15
Q

How does non-contingent schedule of reinforcement work?

A

response acquired due to accidental contiguity with reinforcer.

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16
Q

What are 4 factors that affect operant conditioning?

A

Practice
Effect
Contiguity
Motivation

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17
Q

How does ‘Practice’ affect operant conditioning?

A

opportunity to rehearse and modify response on basis of feedback

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18
Q

How does ‘Effect’ affect operant conditioning?

A

whether outcome of response is +ve or -ve.

19
Q

How does ‘Contiguity’ affect operant conditioning?

A

closeness in time of stimuli and response

20
Q

How does ‘Motivation’ affect operant conditioning?

A

as level of arousal increases, learning becomes more effective

21
Q

What is the Drive Reduction theory by Hull (1943)?

A

Events are reinforcing, given that it is associated with a reduction in a physiological drive

22
Q

What is incentive motivation?

A

bigger/better the reward the more likely you are to perform the behavior

23
Q

What is a weakness in the drive reduction theory?

A

Can’t account for behavior done for pure pleasure

24
Q

What is the Premack Principle?

A

less desirable activities are performed to gain access to more desirable ones.

25
Q

What is the Behavioral Bliss Point (Allison, 1983)?

A

organisms will distribute its behavior to the optimal level across activities to maximize reinforcement.

26
Q

What happens if an organism can’t achieve it’s behavioral bliss point?

A

organism will readjust in order to attain close as possible to the bliss point

27
Q

What is the response deprivation hypothesis (Timberlake and Allison, 1974)?

A

a behavior acts as a reinforcer if:
access to it is restricted
if it hasn’t been performed for a long time

28
Q

What is extinction?

A

non-reinforcement of previously reinforced response

29
Q

How does extinction occur?

A

if a stimulus is presented with no reward for response, behavior weakens.

30
Q

5 stages of extinction?

A
  1. Extinction Burst
  2. Variability
  3. Emotional Behavior Aggression
  4. Resurgence
  5. Depression
31
Q

What is the 1st stage of extinction?

A

Extinction Burst: response that was rewarded increases rapidly

32
Q

What is the 2nd stage of extinction?

A

Variability: same behavior performed with variations

33
Q

What is the 3rd stage of extinction?

A

Emotional Behavior Aggression: outburst of aggressive/anxious behavior to get a reward.

34
Q

What is the 4th stage of extinction?

A

Resurgence: Previous behavior returns

35
Q

What is the 5th stage of extinction?

A

Depression: behavior stops completely

36
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

reappearance of extinguished response following a period after extinction has occurred.

37
Q

What is relearning?

A

Reintroduction of the previous CS and the US results in a rapid association forming between the 2, get CR again.

38
Q

What factors affect extinction?

A

Schedule of reinforcement
History
Magnitude
Deprivation

39
Q

How can schedule of reinforcement affect extinction?

A 
continuous - very fast ext
fixed ratio - med ext
fixed interval - med ext 
variable ratio - slow ext 
variable interval - very slow ext
40
Q

How does history of stimulus exposure affect extinction?

A

whether it has been fully conditioned or not

41
Q

How does magnitude affect extinction?

A

level of reward can change time taken for extinction to occur.

42
Q

How does deprivation affect extinction?

A

The stronger the desire to attain the reward, the longer the organism will try before extinction occurs.

43
Q

What is ‘differential reinforcement of other behaviour’?

A

Reinforce other adaptive behaviours while ignoring maladaptive behaviours.

44
Q

What is ‘differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour’?

A

Reinforce a behaviour that is the polar opposite to the undesired behaviour

Intro to Learning (10 decks)

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