Intro to Learning (6) Flashcards
What are the 2 main schedules of reinforcement?
Ratio
Interval
What is a ‘ratio’ schedule of reinforcement?
behavior is rewarded after a certain number of responses
What is an ‘interval’ schedule of reinforcement?
Behavior is rewarded after a certain time period has passed
What are 2 sub types of ratio reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
variable ratio
What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
fixed number of responses for one reward
What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
varied number of responses per reward
What are 2 sub types of interval reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
variable interval
What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
fixed amount of time passes for one reward
What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
varied amounts of time pass for one reward
3 other schedules of reinforcement?
Duration
Response Rate
Noncontingent
What is a duration schedule of reinforcement?
reward given based on how long the desired behavior is performed for
Problems with duration schedules of reinforcement?
if the reward is not proportionate to the behavior performed, the behavior desired will stop
What is a response rate schedule of reinforcement?
Reward based on rate of response.
What is a non-contingent schedule of reinforcement?
reward given randomly irrespective of organisms behavior.
How does non-contingent schedule of reinforcement work?
response acquired due to accidental contiguity with reinforcer.
What are 4 factors that affect operant conditioning?
Practice
Effect
Contiguity
Motivation
How does ‘Practice’ affect operant conditioning?
opportunity to rehearse and modify response on basis of feedback
How does ‘Effect’ affect operant conditioning?
whether outcome of response is +ve or -ve.
How does ‘Contiguity’ affect operant conditioning?
closeness in time of stimuli and response
How does ‘Motivation’ affect operant conditioning?
as level of arousal increases, learning becomes more effective
What is the Drive Reduction theory by Hull (1943)?
Events are reinforcing, given that it is associated with a reduction in a physiological drive
What is incentive motivation?
bigger/better the reward the more likely you are to perform the behavior
What is a weakness in the drive reduction theory?
Can’t account for behavior done for pure pleasure
What is the Premack Principle?
less desirable activities are performed to gain access to more desirable ones.
What is the Behavioral Bliss Point (Allison, 1983)?
organisms will distribute its behavior to the optimal level across activities to maximize reinforcement.
What happens if an organism can’t achieve it’s behavioral bliss point?
organism will readjust in order to attain close as possible to the bliss point
What is the response deprivation hypothesis (Timberlake and Allison, 1974)?
a behavior acts as a reinforcer if:
access to it is restricted
if it hasn’t been performed for a long time
What is extinction?
non-reinforcement of previously reinforced response
How does extinction occur?
if a stimulus is presented with no reward for response, behavior weakens.
5 stages of extinction?
- Extinction Burst
- Variability
- Emotional Behavior Aggression
- Resurgence
- Depression
What is the 1st stage of extinction?
Extinction Burst: response that was rewarded increases rapidly
What is the 2nd stage of extinction?
Variability: same behavior performed with variations
What is the 3rd stage of extinction?
Emotional Behavior Aggression: outburst of aggressive/anxious behavior to get a reward.
What is the 4th stage of extinction?
Resurgence: Previous behavior returns
What is the 5th stage of extinction?
Depression: behavior stops completely
What is spontaneous recovery?
reappearance of extinguished response following a period after extinction has occurred.
What is relearning?
Reintroduction of the previous CS and the US results in a rapid association forming between the 2, get CR again.
What factors affect extinction?
Schedule of reinforcement
History
Magnitude
Deprivation
How can schedule of reinforcement affect extinction?
continuous - very fast ext fixed ratio - med ext fixed interval - med ext variable ratio - slow ext variable interval - very slow ext
How does history of stimulus exposure affect extinction?
whether it has been fully conditioned or not
How does magnitude affect extinction?
level of reward can change time taken for extinction to occur.
How does deprivation affect extinction?
The stronger the desire to attain the reward, the longer the organism will try before extinction occurs.
What is ‘differential reinforcement of other behaviour’?
Reinforce other adaptive behaviours while ignoring maladaptive behaviours.
What is ‘differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour’?
Reinforce a behaviour that is the polar opposite to the undesired behaviour
