Intro To Hormones Flashcards
endocrine glands=_____ glands that secrete hormones into____ spaces and eventually——-
ductless
intercellular
enters the blood
Difference between target glands and target organs
- target organs: non-endocrine organs that are affected by the hormones
- target glands: endocrine targets that are affected by the hormones
Difference between nervous and hormonal systems in terms of :
Rate of effect
How long the effect lasts
What they control
Nervous:
Rapid
short-lasting
Controls mainly muscles and some glands
Hormonal:
Slower
long lasting
Control metabolism, reproduction, stress response, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance ,energy balance
Most hormones use—— receptors
metabotropic
Mention an example of a gland that the nervous system controls
Adrenal medulla
Example of hormones that Control metabolism ____,____,____
insulin
glucagon
cortisol
Example of hormones that Control
stress response ____,____
NE
cortisol
Example of hormones that Control
fluid and electrolyte balance(_____corticoids like____,____,_____)
mineralo
renin
AG2
aldosterone
Classification of endocrine hormones
- based on____ nature
- based on bases of_____
- based on____
- based on_____
- based on_____
chemical
mechanism of action
nature of action
effect of hormones
stimulation of endocrine gland
List 6 types of hormones BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE
Amines Peptides Proteins Glycoproteins Eicosanoids Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
- made of——
- derived from——-
- e.g——,——,——-,——-,——,——- hormones
- they have structures similar to—— (the——- ring containing—— rings and having——
lipids
cholesterol
estrogen; testosterone; aldosterone; cortisol; progesterone; adrenocortical
cholesterol
phenathrene; 3 fused; cholesterol nucleus
Amine hormones
- made up of—— group
- derivative of——- e,g——,——
- e.g——-,——,——,——
Amine
amino acid; tyrosine; tryptophan
epinephrine; NE; T3; T4
Peptides hormones
- mostly referring to ——peptides
- made up of——
- e.g____,____,_____
- has a—— structure
oligo
few amino acids
vasopressin
insulin
oxytocin
primary
insulin is under a bit of controversy, some say it should be placed under—— because——
proteins
it has a more than a primary structure
Proteins hormones
- made up of amino acid residues that are ——- than the oligopeptides
- has___,____, and____ structure
- e.g____,——-
Longer
primary; secondary; tertiary
insulin; glucagon
Glycoproteins hormones
- proteins with some—— residues like——-
- eg——,——-,——,——,—— hormone
carbohydrate; mannose
LH; TSH; FSH; HCG; growth
Eicosanoids hormones
- ___C hydrocarbon
- derivatives of____(a ——)
- e.g——-
20
arachidonic acid; membrane lipid
prostaglandins like PGI2, PGs
List the sections of hormones BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of the hormone
Group 1 and 2
BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones
GROUP 1
- bind to—— receptors forming—— complex
- they are—— plasma membrane ;
- e.g——-,—- and—- that are transported—— in blood
- some of the receptors are—— while some are——
intracellular
receptor-hormone
Able to cross
steroids; T3; T4; bound to plasma protein
cytosilic; nuclear
BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones Group 2 -bind to——/——receptors -they ———plasma membrane -they exert their effect through—— -transported——- in blood plasma -are sub divided based on——-
plasma membrane; cell SURAFCE
can’t cross
second messengers
free
chemical nature of second messenger
Second messenger- hormones they work for
cAMP-____,___,___
IP3/DAG/Ca-____,____,____
_____- oxytocin, gonadotropic hormone
ACTH; FSH; LH
TRH; GnRH;Gastrin
not known
Which group is lipophylic and which isn’t?
Group 1 or group 2 hormones
Group 1 hormones
BASED ON NATURE OF ACTION
Local hormones
-have ——-effect. I.e____ action
-e.g——,—— (although it may be produced by——- and carried in blood)
General hormones
- transported to —— organs by blood circulation
- eg—— hormone,——,——,—-,——
specific local ; paracrine
testosterone; estrogen
adrenal cortex
distant
thyroid; insulin; TSH; FSH; LH
List the categories of hormones BASED ON EFFECT OF the HORMONES
Kinetic hormones
Metabolic hormones
Morphogenetic hormones
Kinetic hormones
- ____migration
- some enhance ——contraction and—— secretion
- eg—— (on endothelial smooth muscle),—— from—— gland,MSH(——-)
pigment
smooth muscle ; glandular
NE
pinelain; pineal
melanin stimulating hormone
Metabolic hormones
- changes ——-
- eg——,——,—— hormones,——-
rate of metabolism
insulin; glucagon; Thyroid
Morphogenetic hormones
- involved in—— and——
- eg ——,——,—— hormones, sometimes—— hormones like—— (having a—— effect, leading to proliferation)
growth; differentiation
somatostatin; FSH; thyroid
sex; estrogen; mitotic
BASED ON STIMULATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Tropic hormones
- stimulate———
- eg——,——,——,——-
Non-Tropic hormones
-exert effect on——-
other endocrine glands
TSH; FSH; LH; ACTH
non endocrine target tissue
both tropic and—— hormones are acting on——-
releasing
endocrine glands
releasing hormones are produced by____ , which then act on——- for it to produces the ——hormones. Eg in the case of GnRH which is produced from——, acts on—— to release—- and——
hypothalamus; pituitary
tropic
hypothalamus; pituitary
FSH; LH
Fun fact
G proteins has__-membrane spanning subunit(____meric when hormone isn’t binding to them)
7
heterotri
Hormones with mextracellular receptors include——-,——,—— factor, etc
cytokinins
interleukins
growth
Hormones are not of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance
T/F
F.
they are of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance (drugs can bind to them)
GROUP 1 HORMONES
- binds to—— receptors
- the hormone-receptor complex initially undergoes—— then binds to target site like part of a dna or gene called——- , especially——
intracellular
activation reaction
hormones response element
steroids
GROUP 2 HORMONES
- bind to——- receptors
- G proteins (___units)
- different hormones can act on either G- or G- protein
- ____can be coupled through G protein
- G protein converge on a——
- G protein has___,___, and____ subunits functioning as a ____mer
extracellular
septentine-7
S;I
adenyl Cyclase
single catalytic molecule
alpha; beta; gamma
heterodi
G proteins are versatile
T/F
T
alpha G protein subunits are coupled to GDP in its____ form
inactive
Steps of G protein shit
First,hormone binds to Gprotein
- GDP is replaced with GTP on alpha subunit; alpha has intrinsic___ activity (turning GTP to GDP back eventually)
- alpha subunit dissociates and can diffuse to bind to adenyl cyclase
Gtpase
In the case of cholera toxin , there is_____ of alpha subunit. This disrupts___ activity and___ the alpha subunit in its—- form and preventing—— breakdown and leading to continuous stimulation of____/——molecules
ADP ribosylation
Gtpase
locks; active; GTP
adneylcyclase; effector
cAMP causes a cascade. It can act on protein kinases (having their own target too) . cAMP binds to : In prokaryotes,____protein; In eukaryotes,_____
catabolite regulating
protein kinase A
pkA can____ and____ .
-In case of glucagon, pkA———_____ which then breaks down—— to——-
phosphorylate; dephosphorylate
phosphorylates; phosphorylase
glycogen; glucose
