Intro To Hormones Flashcards
endocrine glands=_____ glands that secrete hormones into____ spaces and eventually——-
ductless
intercellular
enters the blood
Difference between target glands and target organs
- target organs: non-endocrine organs that are affected by the hormones
- target glands: endocrine targets that are affected by the hormones
Difference between nervous and hormonal systems in terms of :
Rate of effect
How long the effect lasts
What they control
Nervous:
Rapid
short-lasting
Controls mainly muscles and some glands
Hormonal:
Slower
long lasting
Control metabolism, reproduction, stress response, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid base balance ,energy balance
Most hormones use—— receptors
metabotropic
Mention an example of a gland that the nervous system controls
Adrenal medulla
Example of hormones that Control metabolism ____,____,____
insulin
glucagon
cortisol
Example of hormones that Control
stress response ____,____
NE
cortisol
Example of hormones that Control
fluid and electrolyte balance(_____corticoids like____,____,_____)
mineralo
renin
AG2
aldosterone
Classification of endocrine hormones
- based on____ nature
- based on bases of_____
- based on____
- based on_____
- based on_____
chemical
mechanism of action
nature of action
effect of hormones
stimulation of endocrine gland
List 6 types of hormones BASED ON CHEMICAL NATURE
Amines Peptides Proteins Glycoproteins Eicosanoids Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
- made of——
- derived from——-
- e.g——,——,——-,——-,——,——- hormones
- they have structures similar to—— (the——- ring containing—— rings and having——
lipids
cholesterol
estrogen; testosterone; aldosterone; cortisol; progesterone; adrenocortical
cholesterol
phenathrene; 3 fused; cholesterol nucleus
Amine hormones
- made up of—— group
- derivative of——- e,g——,——
- e.g——-,——,——,——
Amine
amino acid; tyrosine; tryptophan
epinephrine; NE; T3; T4
Peptides hormones
- mostly referring to ——peptides
- made up of——
- e.g____,____,_____
- has a—— structure
oligo
few amino acids
vasopressin
insulin
oxytocin
primary
insulin is under a bit of controversy, some say it should be placed under—— because——
proteins
it has a more than a primary structure
Proteins hormones
- made up of amino acid residues that are ——- than the oligopeptides
- has___,____, and____ structure
- e.g____,——-
Longer
primary; secondary; tertiary
insulin; glucagon
Glycoproteins hormones
- proteins with some—— residues like——-
- eg——,——-,——,——,—— hormone
carbohydrate; mannose
LH; TSH; FSH; HCG; growth
Eicosanoids hormones
- ___C hydrocarbon
- derivatives of____(a ——)
- e.g——-
20
arachidonic acid; membrane lipid
prostaglandins like PGI2, PGs
List the sections of hormones BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of the hormone
Group 1 and 2
BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones
GROUP 1
- bind to—— receptors forming—— complex
- they are—— plasma membrane ;
- e.g——-,—- and—- that are transported—— in blood
- some of the receptors are—— while some are——
intracellular
receptor-hormone
Able to cross
steroids; T3; T4; bound to plasma protein
cytosilic; nuclear
BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION of hormones Group 2 -bind to——/——receptors -they ———plasma membrane -they exert their effect through—— -transported——- in blood plasma -are sub divided based on——-
plasma membrane; cell SURAFCE
can’t cross
second messengers
free
chemical nature of second messenger
Second messenger- hormones they work for
cAMP-____,___,___
IP3/DAG/Ca-____,____,____
_____- oxytocin, gonadotropic hormone
ACTH; FSH; LH
TRH; GnRH;Gastrin
not known
Which group is lipophylic and which isn’t?
Group 1 or group 2 hormones
Group 1 hormones
BASED ON NATURE OF ACTION
Local hormones
-have ——-effect. I.e____ action
-e.g——,—— (although it may be produced by——- and carried in blood)
General hormones
- transported to —— organs by blood circulation
- eg—— hormone,——,——,—-,——
specific local ; paracrine
testosterone; estrogen
adrenal cortex
distant
thyroid; insulin; TSH; FSH; LH
List the categories of hormones BASED ON EFFECT OF the HORMONES
Kinetic hormones
Metabolic hormones
Morphogenetic hormones
Kinetic hormones
- ____migration
- some enhance ——contraction and—— secretion
- eg—— (on endothelial smooth muscle),—— from—— gland,MSH(——-)
pigment
smooth muscle ; glandular
NE
pinelain; pineal
melanin stimulating hormone
Metabolic hormones
- changes ——-
- eg——,——,—— hormones,——-
rate of metabolism
insulin; glucagon; Thyroid
Morphogenetic hormones
- involved in—— and——
- eg ——,——,—— hormones, sometimes—— hormones like—— (having a—— effect, leading to proliferation)
growth; differentiation
somatostatin; FSH; thyroid
sex; estrogen; mitotic
BASED ON STIMULATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Tropic hormones
- stimulate———
- eg——,——,——,——-
Non-Tropic hormones
-exert effect on——-
other endocrine glands
TSH; FSH; LH; ACTH
non endocrine target tissue
both tropic and—— hormones are acting on——-
releasing
endocrine glands
releasing hormones are produced by____ , which then act on——- for it to produces the ——hormones. Eg in the case of GnRH which is produced from——, acts on—— to release—- and——
hypothalamus; pituitary
tropic
hypothalamus; pituitary
FSH; LH
Fun fact
G proteins has__-membrane spanning subunit(____meric when hormone isn’t binding to them)
7
heterotri
Hormones with mextracellular receptors include——-,——,—— factor, etc
cytokinins
interleukins
growth
Hormones are not of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance
T/F
F.
they are of Pharmaco-therapeutic importance (drugs can bind to them)
GROUP 1 HORMONES
- binds to—— receptors
- the hormone-receptor complex initially undergoes—— then binds to target site like part of a dna or gene called——- , especially——
intracellular
activation reaction
hormones response element
steroids
GROUP 2 HORMONES
- bind to——- receptors
- G proteins (___units)
- different hormones can act on either G- or G- protein
- ____can be coupled through G protein
- G protein converge on a——
- G protein has___,___, and____ subunits functioning as a ____mer
extracellular
septentine-7
S;I
adenyl Cyclase
single catalytic molecule
alpha; beta; gamma
heterodi
G proteins are versatile
T/F
T
alpha G protein subunits are coupled to GDP in its____ form
inactive
Steps of G protein shit
First,hormone binds to Gprotein
- GDP is replaced with GTP on alpha subunit; alpha has intrinsic___ activity (turning GTP to GDP back eventually)
- alpha subunit dissociates and can diffuse to bind to adenyl cyclase
Gtpase
In the case of cholera toxin , there is_____ of alpha subunit. This disrupts___ activity and___ the alpha subunit in its—- form and preventing—— breakdown and leading to continuous stimulation of____/——molecules
ADP ribosylation
Gtpase
locks; active; GTP
adneylcyclase; effector
cAMP causes a cascade. It can act on protein kinases (having their own target too) . cAMP binds to : In prokaryotes,____protein; In eukaryotes,_____
catabolite regulating
protein kinase A
pkA can____ and____ .
-In case of glucagon, pkA———_____ which then breaks down—— to——-
phosphorylate; dephosphorylate
phosphorylates; phosphorylase
glycogen; glucose
Phosphodiesterases are enzymes that can break down cGMP to—-
GMP
List 2 phosphodiesterase inhibitors
viagra
Caffeine
Answer with : endodermal, mesodermal , or ectodermal origin
Polypeptides
Amines
Proteins
Steroids
(endodermal origin)
(endodermal origin)
(endodermal origin)
(Mesodermal origin)
Pituitary Gland
Location:
- in _____ of ____ bone
- attached to _____ by a stalk called ____
Sella Turcica
sphenoid
Hypothalamus; Infundibulum
Pituitary gland
Anterior lobe is the ____ part
Posterior lobe is the ____ part
glandular
neural
Anterior Pituitary - (_____)
Hormone secretions controlled by secretions from the ____ produced by ___ cells and control the release of hormones by Endocrine glands; these hormones are called ____
Adenohypophysis
hypothalamus
nerve
releasing factor
Growth Hormone (GH) - Somatotrophic Hormone (STH)
Functions:
- Increases Growth And Maintenance of Organs by
- stimulating ____anabolism
- promotes ____ catabolism
protein
fat
Promoting fat catabolism essentially means the use of ____ rather than ____ for energy
fat
sugars
Abnormal Secretions of STH can cause ???
____
______
______
_____
Giantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism
Cachexia
Abnormal Secretions of STH
Giantism – ____secretion during ____ (before ______ close)
Acromegaly – ____secretion during ____
Dwarfism – ___secretion during ____
Cachexia (aka ____ Disease) - ___secretion during ____ causes premature ___ and ____ of organs
hyper; childhood; epiphyseal plates
hyper; adulthood
hypo; childhood
Simmond’s; hypo; adulthood; aging and atrophy
Prolactin -
Aka _______nergic Hormone
Functions
- promotes ____ development during pregnancy
- stimulates mammary glands to produce ___ after delivery
Lactogenic
breast
milk
Thyriod Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -
Functions
- promotes growth of the ___ Gland
- stimulates the secretion of the ____ Hormone
Thyroid
Thyroid
Adrenocorticotropin – (ACTH)
Functions
- promotes growth of the_____
- stimulates the secretion of ____ Hormones
- stimulates ___ Catabolism & ___genesis
Adrenal Cortex
Cortical
Fat
Glyco
Gonadotropins -
They include
____ and ____
FSH and LH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
female :
- stimulates the ____ to Develop and produce ____
- stimulates the ____ to secrete ____
male:
- stimulates the production of ____
- stimulates the secretion of _____
Ovarian Follicles; ova
Ovarian Follicles; Estrogens
sperm; Testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
female:
- associated with __hormone in development of the Ovarian Follicles
- stimulates development of the ____ following _____
- stimulates Corpus Luteum to secrete____
male.
- stimulates the ____ Cells to secrete ____ (also called ______Hormone [ICSH])
FSH
Corpus Luteum; ovulation; Progesterone
Interstitial; Testosterone
Interstitial Cell Stimulating
Posterior pituitary gland releases 2 things
Name them!
Oxytocin
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- produced in the ____ and collected and secreted by the _____ lobe -___reases the permeability of the kidney tubules to ____
- promotes the reabsorption of the ____ from the urinary filtrate resulting in a smaller volume of urine
hypothalamus
posterior
inc; water
water
Diabetes insipidus - condition resulting in ____ volumes of urine produced - may be treated with _____
larger
vasopressin
Oxytocin
- stimulates ____ of the pregnant uterus at the time of delivery
- causes milk ____ from the lactating breast
powerful contractions
ejection
THYROID GLAND
Location:
- ___ aspect of larynx and upper trachea
- two lateral lobe connected by an ____ on ____ surface of superior trachea
lower
isthmus
anterior
Thyroxine is a combination of _____ and_____
Tyrosine & Iodine
thyroxine decreases Catabolism
T/F
F
Thyroxine produces extra body heat
T/F
T
__ mg of thyroxine = an increased heat production of___ calories
1
1000
Thyroxine Works with STH to produce growth and development of tissues and organs
T/F
T
_____ Tissue is particularly affected in thyroxine growth actions
Nervous
hyposecretion of thyroxine results in Mental Retardation
T/F
T
Thyroxine causes muscle weakness
T/F
T
Thyrocalcitonin ___reases excretion of Calcium & Phosphate ions
It also increases Osteo___ activity
dec
blast
Calcitonin aids Ca+2 & PO-3 deposition in bone
T/F
T
Hyperthyroidism (____ disease)
(elevated or depressed?) PBI
(increases or decreases ?)nervousness and irritability
(elevated or reduced?) BMR
Grave’s
Elevated
Increases
elevated
Hypothyroidism can cause exophthalmos
T/F
F
Hyper*
exophthalmos results in _____
edema behind the eyes
Cretinism which occurs if the hyposecretion is during ____ or _____ developmental life
fetal or early
Myxedema occurs if the hyposecretion is during ____ life.
results in ___reased blood pressure results in accumulation of subcutaneous fluids
adult
inc
Primary endocrine organ process due to a benign condition (e.g. autoimmune thyroid gland stimulation in _____’ disease) or benign _____ (e.g. primary hyperparathyroidism causing hypercalcemia).
Graves
neoplasm
Endocrine cancers are common
T/F
F
adrenocortical carcinoma secreting excessive androgens causing _____).
Virilization
thyroid gland stimulation in Graves’ disease by ____ against the _____ receptor)
autoantibodies
TSH
Grave’s disease, primary hyperparathyroid adenoma
Benign or malignant?
Benign benign
primary hyperparathyroid adenoma secreting excessive ____ causing ____).
PTH
hypercalcemia
Less commonly, ectopic production of a hormone may lead to endocrine hypofunction
T/F
(e.g. ACTH released from small cell lung cancer cause hypersecretion of cortisol by adrenal glands).
F
Hyper
Neoplasms. They are only benign
T/F
F
can be both benign or malignant.
Symptoms of neoplasms develop either due to :
________by the tumor
_______ due to ____ effect
______ damage
Overproduction of hormone
Underproduction of nearby hormones; mass
Structural
Most common iatrogenic cause of endocrine abnormality is ________ of ______ (when you give it to treat ______ conditions, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis).
exogenous administration
non-endocrine
DIT stands for _____
MIT stands for _______
Diiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine
Hypothalamic hormones Are of what chemical nature group???
Which one is the odd one out
Peptides
PIF… amine
Thyroxine aids perinatal maturation of the central nervous system
T/F
T
Thyroxine Stimulates skeletal growth
T/F
T
HCG Stimulates _____ and _____ synthesis in corpus luteum of (early or late ?) pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone
early
HPL stands for ???
And is AKA???
Human placenta lactogen
Human chorionic somatotropin
HPL Has _____–like and ____-like actions during pregnancy
growth hormone
prolactin
All steroid hormones are derivatives of ______
cholesterol
Which is more common?
Feedback mechanism or neural mechanism of control
Feedback
Feedback mechanisms are more common than neural mechanisms
Long-loop feedback means that the _____ feeds back all the way to the ______.
Hormone
hypothalamicpituitary axis
Short-loop feedback means that the _______ feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone
anterior pituitary hormone
ultrashort-loop feedback, in which the hypothalamic hormone inhibits ______ (e.g., growth hormone–releasing hormone [GHRH] inhibits ___ secretion).
its own secretion
GHRH
the effect of estrogen on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary
Positive or negative feedback??
Positive
Answer with IP3 or cAMP
TRH TSH CRH ACTH GnRH FSH LH Oxytocin ADH V1 ADH V2 PTH Calcitonin AG2 Glucagon HCG Beta 1 and 2
IP3 camp camp Camp IP3 Camp Camp IP3 IP3 Camp Camp Camp IP3 Camp Camp Camp
Tyrosine Kinase Mechanism is used by ???
______
_______
________
______
Insulin
IGF
PROLACTIN
Growth hormone
PIP3 can be broken down into ——- then ——— and _____
PIP2
IP3
DAG
