Hormones Class 2!!! Flashcards
hormones can also act through phosphatidylinositol
T/F
T
——— element is an important regulator of metabolic /cellular processes and also a second messenger
ionized calcium
Calcium is more where?
ECF of ICf
ECF
ICF Ca is kept in balance by constantly depositing it in___, or \__exchanger, or___ Atpases
SR
Na-Ca
Ca
Na-Ca exchanger and Ca Atpases move calcium against or with conc gradient ?
Against
calcium channels, when regulated by ——hormones allow influx of calcium
group 2
calcium can be mobilized from____ or___ to____ ICF’s Ca
ER
SR
increase
Ca can modulate plenty proteins through____
calmodulin
calmodulin can bind up to____ calcium molecules
4
when calcium is reduced, some proteins, enzymes or pumps are___ but when increased they are____, showing that some hormones____ on calcium
inactivated
activated
depend
an example of calcium -dependent hormonal action is____ metabolism
phosphatidylinositol
when hormones bind to GPCR(G__), coupled to_____ that breaks down___(PIP) into___ and___
q
phospholipase C
phosphatidylinositol triophosphate
IP3
DAG
DAG can directly stimulate____ , and that can In turn____ many cellular proteins and convert them to_____( which can have infect on some enzymes)
protein kinase C(PKC)
phosphorylate
phosphoproteins
IP3 can act on____; activating it to____ through ____associated with it eventually causing ____in ____levels.
——-released then binds to____ leading to____ complex that would activate——- ->____ of intracellular proteins and causing activation or inactivation
ER
release calcium
calcium channels
increase
cytosolic calcium
Calcium ;calmodulin; Ca-calmodulin; specific calmodulin kinases
phosphorylation
a kinase carries out—— reactions
phosphorylation
CALMODULIN
- induces conformational change leading to activation of proteins
- ____complex also modulate____,_____,___, ___Atpase etc
Ca-calmodulin
adenyl cyclase; phosphorylase kinase; NOS
Ca-Mg
NOS is ——-
Nitric oxide synthase
some hormones act through PKA, PKC, Ca-calmodulin complexes which phosphorylate____ and____ residues
Tyrosine
serine
Ca-calmodulin complexes are____ kinases
single protein
some tyrosine residues are phosphorylated through through ____activity of hormones leading to activation of receptors
tyrosine kinases
——- and ——- receptors have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
EGF and Insulin
phosphorylated Insulin receptors then activate____ or——
Insulin receptor substrates (IRS)
their own tyrosine residues
phosphorylated IRS will bind to the______ and activate them causing a cascade of events until effect of___ is established(which is ———)
domains of other proteins
insulinn
increased intake of glucose into cell
some hormones lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
T/F
T
some hormones lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and act through_____ kinase (—-) and——-(——).
Janus activation; JAK
Signal transducers and activators of transcription; STAT
STAT proteins____ and—— Into—— , bind——- leading to—- of some proteins
dimerise; translocate; nucleus
specific DNA elements
transcription
hormones regulate proteins only directly
T/F
F
Both directly and indirectly
proteins can be regulated by controlling their synthesis
T/F
T
JAK acts through activation of—— that then acts at____ level and affect_____
STAT
transcription
gene expression
STAT and JAK can also be modified through post translational modification
T/F
F. Only STAT
enzymes can also be regulated by____ ——-( zymogen to active proteins
proteolytic cleavages
Prolactin
binds to____ receptor->activates___ proteins->_____ on receptor->activate—— proteins-> enter____ -> bind to elements in the dna coding for____->increased___ of—— gene->increased——
prolactin
JAK
phosphorylates tyrosine residues
STAT
nucleus
casein
transcription; casein; milk secretion
NF-KB
- An ——— complex
- kept sequestered in—— In an—— form by some inhibitors (——-)
- when there is____ and——, leads to—— of NF-KB -> NF-KB is____ to—— and binds to—— -> causes—— of——- responses
heterodimeric
cytoplasm; inactive; IKB
proinflammatory cytokines; ROS
activation
translocated; nucleus
gene promoters; transcription; inflammatory
KB stands for——- and is a——
kappaB
transcription factor
NF-KB can act as hormones
T/F
T
Glucocorticoid hormones
- have——— effect
- eg——
- they—— NF-KB
anti-inflammatory
cortisol
inhibit
Glucocorticoids are not therapeutically effective
T/F
F
Glucocorticoid hormones are used to———- inflammation
treat or inverse the inflammation.
———is an example of a glucocorticoid hormone and it prevents NF-KB from——-
hydrocortisone
being translocated into the nucleus
Mention 2 NF-KB subunits
p50 and p65
Receptor tyrosine kinases ____ intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity within the receptor molecule.
Tyrosine kinaseassociated receptors ______ intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity
have
do not have
In further contrast to peptide hormones, which act (slowly or quickly?) on their target cells (within _____), steroid hormones act (slowly or quickly?) (taking ______).
quickly; minutes
slowly; hours
Arterial blood is delivered to the hypothalamus via the _______ arteries, which distribute the blood in a capillary network in the ____, called the ______ that converge to form the ______ vessels, which travel down the _____ to deliver hypothalamic ____ blood to the ____ lobe of the pituitary.
superior hypophysial
median eminence
primary capillary plexuses
long hypophysial portal
infundibulum
venous
anterior
A parallel capillary plexus forms from the _____ arteries in the____ portion of the infundibular stem of the hypothalamus.
These capillaries converge to form the _____ vessels, which deliver blood to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
inferior hypophysial
lower
short hypophysial portal
Most of its blood supply of the pituitary gland is —— blood from the _____ , supplied by the long and short hypophysial portal vessels.
venous
hypothalamus
The cells of the anterior pituitary,, are the only cells in the body to receive high concentrations of the hypothalamic hormones.
T/F
T
Orgasm
Opiods
Stimulates or inhibits oxytocin
Stimulates
Inhibits
Ethanol Decreased serum osmolarity Decreased ECF volume Angiotensin II Pain Nausea Hypoglycemia Nicotine Opiates Antineoplastic drugs
Stimulates or inhibits ADH secretion
Inhibits Inhibits Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates Stimulates
