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Bch 204 > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS

  • The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain in the (ventral or dorsal?) aspect of the diencephalon.
  • In the adult human, it is about ___ cm in length and weighs about __.
  • (dorsolaterally or Ventromedially?) , it surrounds the ____ ventricle
  • is continuous with the _____ of the pituitary (hypophysis).
  • It accounts for ____% of the total brain mass
A

Ventral

2.5

4g

Ventromeidially ;third

infundibular stalk

<1

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2
Q

The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system

T/F

A

T

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3
Q

The cone-shaped region of the hypothalamus, the _____, consists mainly of axonal fibers from hypothalamic neurons, which either terminate in the ______ or continue (up or down?) into the ____ lobe of the pituitary.
-It is perfused by a capillary network ((primary or secondary?) plexus) derived from the _____ arteries.

A

median eminence

median eminence

Down

posterior

Primary

carotid

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4
Q

Blood from the primary plexus is transported by portal vessels (_____ portal vessels) to another capillary network ( ____ plexus) in the ___ lobe of the pituitary

A

hypophyseal

secondary

anterior

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5
Q

Many of the hypothalamic neurons are presumably _____ergic

A

monoamin

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6
Q

Many hypothalamic nucleus are also ___ergic; atleast ___ have been identified

A

peptid

12

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7
Q

Hypothalamus receives afferent signals from virtually all parts of the central nervous system (CNS) and sends efferent fibers to the _____, the _____ pituitary, and certain areas of the ______

A

median eminence

posterior

central nervous system

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8
Q

the neuropeptide hormones that affect the function of the anterior pituitary cells, are called _____.

A

hypophysiotropic

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9
Q

The parvicellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus produce a peptide that is transported by axoplasmic flow to the _____ and then released into the ________.
-The magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei send their (short or long?) axons directly into the _____ pituitary, where their dilated nerve endings are closely positioned next to ____ that drain the tissue.

A

median eminence

hypophyseal portal blood

Long

posterior

capillaries

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10
Q

Peptide hormones synthesized in these magnocellular neurons are transported to the neurohypophysis by _____ flow and then released into the general circulation and are called ______.

A

axoplasmic

neurohypophyseal

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11
Q 
Neurohypophyseal Peptide Hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH , vasopressin,or \_\_\_\_\_)
A

arginine vasopressin

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12
Q

____ergic signals to the magnocellular neurons stimulate the release of ADH and oxytocin

A

Cholin

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13
Q

Release mechanisms for ADH and oxytocin are under the same control.

T/F

A

F

Seperate control

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14
Q

ADH

-ADH is a potent vaso______.

A

constrictor

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15
Q

Major stimuli for ADH release are (1) an ____ease in plasma osmolality, monitored by hypothalamic ___receptors; and (2) a ___ease in blood volume, monitored by ___receptors in the carotid ____ and in the (right or left?) (atrial or ventricular?) wall.

A

incr

osmo

decr

baro

sinus

Left; atrial

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16
Q

Norepinephrine inhibits ADH release

T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Afferent fibers to the vasomotor center in the __brain sense a ___ in blood volume, and ____ noradrenergic signals from this center to the hypothalamic ____cellular neurons stimulate ADH release.

A

hind

fall

diminished

magno

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18
Q

Oxytocin

Released by only paraventricular neurons

T/F

A

F

Both paraventricular and Supraoptic

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19
Q

Oxytocin

-The oxytocin receptor belongs to a ___membrane-spanning receptor family.

A

seven

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20
Q

The mechanism of action of oxytocin does involves cAMP

T/F

A

F

Doesn’t

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21
Q

The mechanism of action of oxytocin involve regulation of increased intracellular Ca2+

T/F

A

T

22
Q

BrainGut Peptides
-Gut hormone-like neurotransmitters have been detected in the brain and are believed to function in a manner that complements their counterparts in the gastrointestinal tract

T/F

A

T

23
Q

Endogenous Opiates

-Derivatives of opium, the extract of the ______ ——— ______

A

poppy Papaver somniferum

24
Q

The endogenous opiates include ____, the enkephalins (___-enkephalin and ___-enkephalin), the ____, and the _____

A

β-endorphin

met; leu

dynorphins

neoendorphins.

25
Q

The fundamental endogenous opioid peptides are the _____, ___-enkephalin and ____-enkephalin, which function as neurotransmitters in the CNS.

A

pentapeptides

Met; leu

26
Q

All of the known endogenous opioids are derived from three different prohormones:______ (POMC); ____ A; and ____ B (___)

A

proopiomelanocortin

proenkephalin

proenkephalin

prodynorphin

27
Q

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)

  • connected to the base of the hypothalamus by the _____ process (pituitary stalk).
  • Embryologically, it derives from ____(____ epithelium) and the _____ (_____ derm).
  • The former gives rise to the ____ lobe
  • The latter gives rise to the ____ lobe
A

infundibular

Rathke’s pouch

buccal

infundibulum

neuroecto

anterior

posterior

28
Q

neural tissue extends from the hypothalamus through the infundibulum into a larger, bulbous region called the ______

A

pars nervosa

29
Q

Pars nervosa forms the bulk of the posterior pituitary

T/F

A

T

30
Q

Intermediate lobe is well developed in humans and functional
T/F

A

F

In humans, this is rudimentary and apparently nonfunctional.

31
Q

The pituitary in an average-sized adult weighs only about 0.5 g, ___% of which is anterior pituitary.

A

75

32
Q

Increased pituitary size is often a good or bad thing??

A

Bad

33
Q

The portal blood can flow from the median eminence in the opposite direction
T/F

A

T

Retrograde flow

34
Q

The posterior pituitary, its vascular connections are largely (dependent on or independent of ?) those in the anterior pituitary.

A

Independent of

35
Q

In species that possess a prominent intermediate lobe, the pituitary also secretes ____ and _____ hormones

A

α-and β-melanocyte-stimulating

36
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones are classified into three families: the ________ family (GH and ___); the. ______ hormones (LH, FSH, and ___); and the ___ family ( _____, β-endorphin, and related peptides).

the above 3 families have 3 separate ancestral polypeptide lineages
T/F

A

somatomammotropin; PRL

glycoprotein; TSH

opiomelanocortin; ACTH

T

37
Q

The glycoprotein hormones may have evolved from a single ancestral polypeptide

T/F

A

T

38
Q

TSH is inhibited by _____ and ____

LH is inhibited by _____

FSH is inhibited by _____

hCG is inhibited by _____ mechanism

A

inhibited by thyroid hormone and Somatostatin

estrogen

estrogen

Autocrine

39
Q

TSH is stimulated by ______

LH is stimulated by ______

FSH is stimulated by ______

A

TRH

GnRH

GnRH

40
Q

The Opiomelanocortin Family

  • All members of this family are derived from a single prohormone,______
  • The prohormone molecule contains three special peptide sequences: ——— (opioid),_____, and ______.
A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).

enkephalin

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

corticotropin (ACTH)

41
Q

you can get alpha and beta MSH from _____ and ______ respectively in the _____ lobe

A

ACTH and LPH

intermediate

42
Q

Beta MSH regulates food intake

T/F

A

F

Alpha

43
Q

POMC defect is associated with ____, _____ insufficiency, _____ pigmentation, etc

A

obesity

adrenal

red hair

44
Q

In normal adults, the pituitary contains about ___ mg of ACTH, and the basal level of ACTH in blood is approximately ___ pg/mL.

A

0.25

50

45
Q

ACTH acts mainly on the cells of the zona ____ of the adrenal ____ to stimulate the synthesis and release of ____
-It also stimulates the secretion of adrenal androgens from the zona ____

A

fasciculata

cortex

cortisol

reticularis

46
Q

Deficiency of ACTH leads to a reduction in the size and activity of adrenocortical cells in the______ zones.

A

inner two

47
Q

Corticotrophs in the pituitary are under (tonic or phasic)?stimulation by ____ and are modulated by the ____ feedback effect of blood cortisol, which inhibits POMC synthesis by repression of the POMC gene

A

Topic

CRH

Negative

48
Q

note that intermediate lobe is rich in ____ergic fibers

A

dopamin

49
Q

β-Endorphin is a polypeptide released z with ___. When it is introduced into the ____ ventricle of the brain, it produces dramatic behavioral changes, but it does not when injected systemically.

A

ACTH

third

50
Q

β-endorphin may act in conjunction with enkephalins released by the adrenal medulla to produce stress analgesia

T/F

A

T

Bch 204 (14 decks)

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