Hypothalamus

Question 1

HYPOTHALAMUS

• The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain in the (ventral or dorsal?) aspect of the diencephalon.
• In the adult human, it is about ___ cm in length and weighs about __.
• (dorsolaterally or Ventromedially?) , it surrounds the ____ ventricle
• is continuous with the _____ of the pituitary (hypophysis).
• It accounts for ____% of the total brain mass

Answer 1

Ventral

2.5

4g

Ventromeidially ;third

infundibular stalk

<1

Question 2

The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system

T/F

Answer 2

T

Question 3

The cone-shaped region of the hypothalamus, the _____, consists mainly of axonal fibers from hypothalamic neurons, which either terminate in the ______ or continue (up or down?) into the ____ lobe of the pituitary.
-It is perfused by a capillary network ((primary or secondary?) plexus) derived from the _____ arteries.

Answer 3

median eminence

median eminence

Down

posterior

Primary

carotid

Question 4

Blood from the primary plexus is transported by portal vessels (_____ portal vessels) to another capillary network ( ____ plexus) in the ___ lobe of the pituitary

Answer 4

hypophyseal

secondary

anterior

Question 5

Many of the hypothalamic neurons are presumably _____ergic

Answer 5

monoamin

Question 6

Many hypothalamic nucleus are also ___ergic; atleast ___ have been identified

Answer 6

peptid

12

Question 7

Hypothalamus receives afferent signals from virtually all parts of the central nervous system (CNS) and sends efferent fibers to the _____, the _____ pituitary, and certain areas of the ______

Answer 7

median eminence

posterior

central nervous system

Question 8

the neuropeptide hormones that affect the function of the anterior pituitary cells, are called _____.

Answer 8

hypophysiotropic

Question 9

The parvicellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus produce a peptide that is transported by axoplasmic flow to the _____ and then released into the ________.
-The magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei send their (short or long?) axons directly into the _____ pituitary, where their dilated nerve endings are closely positioned next to ____ that drain the tissue.

Answer 9

median eminence

hypophyseal portal blood

Long

posterior

capillaries

Question 10

Peptide hormones synthesized in these magnocellular neurons are transported to the neurohypophysis by _____ flow and then released into the general circulation and are called ______.

Answer 10

axoplasmic

neurohypophyseal

Question 11

Neurohypophyseal Peptide Hormones
antidiuretic hormone (ADH , vasopressin,or \_\_\_\_\_)

Answer 11

arginine vasopressin

Question 12

____ergic signals to the magnocellular neurons stimulate the release of ADH and oxytocin

Answer 12

Cholin

Question 13

Release mechanisms for ADH and oxytocin are under the same control.

T/F

Answer 13

F

Seperate control

Question 14

ADH

-ADH is a potent vaso______.

Answer 14

constrictor

Question 15

Major stimuli for ADH release are (1) an ____ease in plasma osmolality, monitored by hypothalamic ___receptors; and (2) a ___ease in blood volume, monitored by ___receptors in the carotid ____ and in the (right or left?) (atrial or ventricular?) wall.

Answer 15

incr

osmo

decr

baro

sinus

Left; atrial

Question 16

Norepinephrine inhibits ADH release

T/F

Answer 16

T

Question 17

Afferent fibers to the vasomotor center in the __brain sense a ___ in blood volume, and ____ noradrenergic signals from this center to the hypothalamic ____cellular neurons stimulate ADH release.

Answer 17

hind

fall

diminished

magno

Question 18

Oxytocin

Released by only paraventricular neurons

T/F

Answer 18

F

Both paraventricular and Supraoptic

Question 19

Oxytocin

-The oxytocin receptor belongs to a ___membrane-spanning receptor family.

Answer 19

seven

Question 20

The mechanism of action of oxytocin does involves cAMP

T/F

Answer 20

F

Doesn’t

Question 21

The mechanism of action of oxytocin involve regulation of increased intracellular Ca2+

T/F

Answer 21

T

Question 22

BrainGut Peptides
-Gut hormone-like neurotransmitters have been detected in the brain and are believed to function in a manner that complements their counterparts in the gastrointestinal tract

T/F

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Endogenous Opiates

-Derivatives of opium, the extract of the ______ ——— ______

Answer 23

poppy Papaver somniferum

Question 24

The endogenous opiates include ____, the enkephalins (___-enkephalin and ___-enkephalin), the ____, and the _____

Answer 24

β-endorphin

met; leu

dynorphins

neoendorphins.

Question 25

The fundamental endogenous opioid peptides are the _____, ___-enkephalin and ____-enkephalin, which function as neurotransmitters in the CNS.

Answer 25

pentapeptides Met; leu

Question 26

All of the known endogenous opioids are derived from three different prohormones:______ (POMC); ____ A; and ____ B (___)

Answer 26

proopiomelanocortin proenkephalin proenkephalin prodynorphin

Question 27

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) - connected to the base of the hypothalamus by the _____ process (pituitary stalk). - Embryologically, it derives from ____(____ epithelium) and the _____ (_____ derm). - The former gives rise to the ____ lobe - The latter gives rise to the ____ lobe

Answer 27

infundibular Rathke’s pouch buccal infundibulum neuroecto anterior posterior

Question 28

neural tissue extends from the hypothalamus through the infundibulum into a larger, bulbous region called the ______

Answer 28

pars nervosa

Question 29

Pars nervosa forms the bulk of the posterior pituitary | T/F

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Intermediate lobe is well developed in humans and functional T/F

Answer 30

F In humans, this is rudimentary and apparently nonfunctional.

Question 31

The pituitary in an average-sized adult weighs only about 0.5 g, ___% of which is anterior pituitary.

Answer 31

75

Question 32

Increased pituitary size is often a good or bad thing??

Answer 32

Bad

Question 33

The portal blood can flow from the median eminence in the opposite direction T/F

Answer 33

T Retrograde flow

Question 34

The posterior pituitary, its vascular connections are largely (dependent on or independent of ?) those in the anterior pituitary.

Answer 34

Independent of

Question 35

In species that possess a prominent intermediate lobe, the pituitary also secretes ____ and _____ hormones

Answer 35

α-and β-melanocyte-stimulating

Question 36

Anterior pituitary hormones are classified into three families: the ________ family (GH and ___); the. ______ hormones (LH, FSH, and ___); and the ___ family ( _____, β-endorphin, and related peptides). the above 3 families have 3 separate ancestral polypeptide lineages T/F

Answer 36

somatomammotropin; PRL glycoprotein; TSH opiomelanocortin; ACTH T

Question 37

The glycoprotein hormones may have evolved from a single ancestral polypeptide T/F

Answer 37

T

Question 38

TSH is inhibited by _____ and ____ LH is inhibited by _____ FSH is inhibited by _____ hCG is inhibited by _____ mechanism

Answer 38

inhibited by thyroid hormone and Somatostatin estrogen estrogen Autocrine

Question 39

TSH is stimulated by ______ LH is stimulated by ______ FSH is stimulated by ______

Answer 39

TRH GnRH GnRH

Question 40

The Opiomelanocortin Family - All members of this family are derived from a single prohormone,______ - The prohormone molecule contains three special peptide sequences: ——— (opioid),_____, and ______.

Answer 40

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). enkephalin melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) corticotropin (ACTH)

Question 41

you can get alpha and beta MSH from _____ and ______ respectively in the _____ lobe

Answer 41

ACTH and LPH intermediate

Question 42

Beta MSH regulates food intake T/F

Answer 42

F Alpha

Question 43

POMC defect is associated with ____, _____ insufficiency, _____ pigmentation, etc

Answer 43

obesity adrenal red hair

Question 44

In normal adults, the pituitary contains about ___ mg of ACTH, and the basal level of ACTH in blood is approximately ___ pg/mL.

Answer 44

0.25 50

Question 45

ACTH acts mainly on the cells of the zona ____ of the adrenal ____ to stimulate the synthesis and release of ____ -It also stimulates the secretion of adrenal androgens from the zona ____

Answer 45

fasciculata cortex cortisol reticularis

Question 46

Deficiency of ACTH leads to a reduction in the size and activity of adrenocortical cells in the______ zones.

Answer 46

inner two

Question 47

Corticotrophs in the pituitary are under (tonic or phasic)?stimulation by ____ and are modulated by the ____ feedback effect of blood cortisol, which inhibits POMC synthesis by repression of the POMC gene

Answer 47

Topic CRH Negative

Question 48

note that intermediate lobe is rich in ____ergic fibers

Answer 48

dopamin

Question 49

β-Endorphin is a polypeptide released z with ___. When it is introduced into the ____ ventricle of the brain, it produces dramatic behavioral changes, but it does not when injected systemically.

Answer 49

ACTH third

Question 50

β-endorphin may act in conjunction with enkephalins released by the adrenal medulla to produce stress analgesia T/F

Answer 50

T