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Bch 204 > Bone Formation and Development > Flashcards

Bone Formation and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Adult bones are composed of __ percent protein (called____),____ percent minerals (including___,___,and____), and ____ percent___.

A

30 ; ossein

45

calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

25

water

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2
Q

Minerals give the bone____ and_____.

A

strength

hardness

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3
Q

At birth, bones are(soft or hard?) and ____ because of _____ in their structure.

A

Soft

pliable

cartilage

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4
Q

As the body grows, (younger or older?) cartilage gradually is replaced by _______

A

Older

hard bone tissue.

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5
Q

Minerals in the bones (increase or decrease?) with age, causing the bones to become more ____ and____

A

Increase

brittle

easily fractured.

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6
Q

EMBRYOLOGY of bone

-In the early stages of embryonic development, the embryo’s skeleton consists of ____ membranes and____ cartilage.

A

fibrous

hyaline

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7
Q

By the ____ or ____ week of embryonic life, the actual process of bone development,ossification(______), begins.

A

sixth

seventh

osteogenesis

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8
Q

There are two osteogenic pathways:____ ossification and______ ossification

A

intramembranous

endochondral

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9
Q

Mature bones differ from one another based on the process of osteogenesis that made it
T/F

A

F

in the end, mature bone is the same regardless of the pathway that produces it.

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10
Q

Intramembranous Ossification of bone
-Duringintramembranous ossification, _____ and _____bone develops directly from_______(differentiated or undifferentiated?) connective tissue.

A

compact and spongy

sheets of mesenchymal

undifferentiated

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11
Q

The ___ bones of the____, most of the_____ bones, and the ______ are formed via intramembranous ossification.

A

flat; face

Cranial

clavicles (collarbones)

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12
Q

The process of intramembraneous ossification begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton ______and begin to_____
-Some of these cells will differentiate into____, while others will become _____ (_____) cells and then ______.

A

gather together

differentiate into specialized cells

capillaries

osteogenic; bone producing

osteoblasts

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13
Q

Although clusters of osteoblasts will ultimately be spread out by the______, early osteoblasts appear in a cluster called an_____.

A

formation of bone tissue

ossification center

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14
Q

Intramembranous ossification beginsin _____during fetal development and continues on into _____.

A

utero

adolescence

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15
Q

-At birth, the ____ and ____are not fully ossified nor are the_____(____) closed.

And This allows the ____ and____ to deform during passage through the birth canal.

A

skull and clavicles

junctions between the skull bone

Sutures

skull and shoulders

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16
Q

The last bones to ossify via intramembranous ossification are the ______, which reach their adult size at the ____ of the _____

A

flat bones of the face

end

adolescent growth spurt

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17
Q

Endochondral Ossification

-Inendochondral ossification, bone develops by______

A

replacinghyaline cartilage.

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18
Q

Cartilage becomes bone.

T/F

A

F

Cartilage does not become bone.

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19
Q

cartilage serves as a ____ to be_____ by new bone.

A

template

completely replaced

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20
Q

Which takes longer, intramembranous ossification or Endochondral ossification?

A

Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification.

21
Q

Bones at the base of the skull form via _____ ossification.

A

endochondral

22
Q

long bones form via _____ ossification.

A

endochondral

23
Q

In a long bone, for example, at about __to__ weeks after conception, some of the mesenchymal cells differentiate into____ (____cells) that form the ______skeletal precursor of the bones

A

6 to 8

chondroblasts

cartilage

hyaline cartilaginous

24
Q

Hyaline cartilage is a (flexible or rigid?) , (solid or liquid?)matrix produced by _____ and consists of _____,______,_____, and____.
-As the matrix surrounds and isolates_____, they are called ______.

A

Flexible

Semi-solid

chondroblasts

hyaluronic acid; chondroitin sulfate; collagen fibers; water

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

25
Q

cartilage is (vascular or avascular?)

A

Avascular

26
Q

cartilage is avascular, meaning that it has no blood vessels supplying nutrients and removing metabolic wastes.
-All of these functions are carried on by _____ from vessels in the surrounding_____, a membrane that covers the cartilage

A

diffusion through the matrix

perichondrium

27
Q

Growth of Bone

  • Long bones continue to lengthen, potentially until _____, through the addition of bone tissue at the ______.
  • They also increase in width through _____ growth.
A

adolescence

epiphyseal plate

appositional

28
Q

Lengthening of Long Bones
-Chondrocytes on the _____ side of the epiphyseal plate are going to ____; one cell remains undifferentiated near the _____, and one cell moves toward the_____.

A

epiphyseal

divide

epiphysis

diaphysis

29
Q

Lengthening of Long Bones

The cells, which are pushed from the _____, mature and are destroyed by_____.
-This process replaces cartilage with bone on the _____ side of the plate, resulting in a lengthening of the bone.

A

epiphysis

calcification

diaphyseal

30
Q

Long bones stop growing at around the age of ____ in females and the age of____ in males in a process called _______

  • During this process, ____ cells stop dividing and all of the ____ is replaced by____
  • The ____ plate fades, leaving a structure called the _____ or _____, and the ____ and ____ fuse.
A

18

21

epiphyseal plate closure

cartilage; cartilage;bone

epiphyseal

epiphyseal line or epiphyseal remnant

epiphysis and diaphysis

31
Q

Thickening of Long Bones

  • Appositional growthis the increase in the _____ of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the ____ of bones.
  • _____at the bone’s___ surface secrete _____, and____ on the____ surface break down bone.
A

diameter

surface

Osteoblasts; outer ; bone matrix

osteoclasts; inner

32
Q

In thickening of long bones

The osteoblasts differentiate into______.

A

osteocytes

33
Q

A balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts processes allows the bone to ____ without becoming____.

A

thicken

too heavy

34
Q

Bone Remodeling and Repair:

It involves the processes of bone deposition by ___ and bone resorption by _____.

A

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

35
Q

Bone renewal continues after birth and stops at adolescence

T/F

A

F

Reaches adulthood

36
Q

Bone remodelingis the _____ tissue by ____ tissue.

A

replacement of old bone

new bone

37
Q

Normal bone growth requires vitamins __,___,and___ plus minerals such as ___,___,and___

A

D, C, and A,

calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium.

38
Q

Hormones such as _____ hormone, ____ hormone, and_____ are also required for proper bone growth and maintenance.

A

parathyroid

growth

calcitonin

39
Q

Bone remodeling allows bones to adapt to stresses by becoming____ and____ when subjected to stress.

A

thicker

stronger

40
Q

Bones that are not subject to normal stress, for example when a limb is in a cast, will begin to____

A

lose mass.

41
Q

A fractured or broken bone undergoes repair through four stages:
(1)Blood vessels in the broken bone____and ____, resulting in the formation of____, or a____, at the site of the break.The severed blood vessels at the broken ends of the bone are sealed by the ___ process, and bone cells that are deprived of nutrients begin to___.

A

tear and hemorrhage

clotted blood

Hematoma

Clotting

die

42
Q

A fractured or broken bone undergoes repair through four stages:

(2)Within ___ of the fracture,____ grow into the hematoma, and phagocytic cells begin to ________Though fragments of the blood clot may remain, ____ and ____enter the area and begin to reform bone.Some bone ____ may also appear at this point.

A

days

capillaries

clear away the dead cells.

fibroblasts and osteoblasts

spicules

43
Q

Fibroblasts produce ____that_____, and osteoblasts start to———.

A

collagen fibers

connect the broken bone ends

form spongy bone

44
Q

The repair tissue between the broken bone ends is called the_____, as it is composed of both _____ and _____

A

fibrocartilaginous callus

hyaline and fibrocartilage.

45
Q

A fractured or broken bone undergoes repair through four stages:

(3)The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into a _____ of ____ bone.It takes about ____for the broken bone ends to be firmly joined together after the fracture.This is similar to the _____ formation of bone, as cartilage becomes ossified; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone matrix are present.

A

bony callus

spongy

two months

endochondral

46
Q

A fractured or broken bone undergoes repair through four stages:

(4) The bony callus is then remodelled by___and ___, with excess material on the (interior or exterior?) of the bone and within the ______ being removed.
______bone is added to create bone tissue that is similar to the original, unbroken bone.But note that This remodeling can take ___, and the bone may remain ____ for years.

A

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Exterior

medullary cavity

Compact

many months

uneven

47
Q

Bone turnover rates are quite (high or low?), with ___ to___ percent of bone mass being recycled every ____.

A

High

Five to seven

week

48
Q

bone turnover rate are different in different areas of the skeleton but the same in different areas of a bone.
T/F

A

F

Differences in bone turnover rate exist in different areas of the skeleton and in different areas of a bone.

49
Q

the bone in the ___ of the femur may be fully replaced every ____ whereas the bone along the ____ is altered much more (slowly or rapidly?)

A

head

six months,

shaft

Slowly

Bch 204 (14 decks)

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