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Bch 204 > Catechol And Steroids > Flashcards

Catechol And Steroids Flashcards

1
Q

Steroid hormones had been known to exist since the_____

-However, it was not until the early 1960s that the idea of ______ began to emerge.

A

early 20th century.

specific hormone-binding molecules in the target tissues of these hormones

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2
Q

Analysis of the steroid hormone receptors had relied largely on____ techniques. It is only after the genes encoding these receptors were___, it became possible to carry out detailed studies on the various functional domains of receptors.

A

biochemical

cloned

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3
Q

Testosterone:

  • This is an ___ogen,male sex hormone
  • synthesized in the ____
  • It is responsible for secondary male sex characteristics.

Estradiol:

  • an __ogen
  • principal female sex hormone
  • produced in the___
  • responsible for secondary female sex characteristics
A

andr

testes

estr

ovary

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4
Q

Cortisol:

  • This ___corticoid is synthesized from____ in the ____ of the _____
  • It is involved in stress adaptation, elevation of blood pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects on the immune system
A

gluco

progesterone

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.

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5
Q

Aldosterone:

  • the principal _____corticoid
  • produced from_____ in the____ of ____
  • raises blood pressure and fluid volume, increases Na+ uptake.
A

mineralo

progesterone

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Progesterone:

  • It is produced directly from____ and secreted from the____
  • It is responsible for changes associated with___ phase of the____ cycle.
  • It is also involved in the differentiation of____
A

pregnenolone

corpus luteum.

luteal

menstrual

mammary glands

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7
Q

Synthetic steroid hormones

Glucocorticoids
-___,____,____

Mineralocorticoid
-___

Androgens:
-___,____

A

prednisone,dexamethasone,triamcinolone

fludrocortisone

oxandrolone, nandrolone

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8
Q

______ is also known as anabolic steroids

A

nandrolone

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9
Q

Synthetic steroid hormones

Estrogens:
-_____(DES)

Progestins:
-___,____

A

diethylstilbestrol

norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone acetate

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10
Q

Cellular Localization of Steroid Receptors

  • It is generally thought that unoccupied steroid receptors can exist in the____, while occupied receptors act in the____ on ____
  • When bound to hormone,____ receptors move into the_____
A

cytoplasm

nucleus on target DNA

cytoplasmic

nucleus

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11
Q

CATECHOLAMINES

  • catecholamine is a ____amine neurotransmitter
  • an organic compound that has a____ ring and a____ amine
A

mono

catechol; side-chain

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12
Q

Catechol is a____ with ______side groups next to each other

A

benzene

two hydroxyl

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13
Q

Catechol can be either a___ molecule or a substituent of a___ molecule, where it represents a____ group.
-Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid____, which is derived from___ sources as well as synthesis from____

A

free

larger

1,2-dihydroxybenzene

tyrosine

dietary

phenylalanine

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14
Q

-Catecholamines are water-insoluble

T/F

A

F

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15
Q

Catecholamines are __% bound to____ in circulation.

A

50

plasma proteins

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16
Q

Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the_____ of the adrenal gland is part of the fight or flight response
-Tyrosine is created from_____ by____ reaction by the enzyme_____

A

adrenal medulla

phenylalanine

hydroxylation

phenylalanine hydroxylase

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17
Q

Catecholamine-secreting cells use several reactions to convert tyrosine serially to____ and then to____

A

L-DOPA

dopamine

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18
Q

amphetamines are catecholamine analogues.

T/F

A

T

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19
Q

Structure of Catecholamines

  • Catecholamines have the distinct structure of a____ ring with_____ groups, an intermediate____, and a terminal___.
  • Phenylethanolamines such as norepinephrine have a____ group on the____ chain
A

benzene

two hydroxyl

ethyl chain

amine group

hydroxyl; ethyl

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20
Q

In humans, catecholamines are derived from the amino acid___

A

L-phenylalanine.

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21
Q

L-Phenylalanine is converted into _____by an___ amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) enzyme (_____,found in large amounts in the____), with_____ and _____ as cofactors

A

L-tyrosine

aromatic

phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase

liver

molecular oxygen (O2) and tetrahydrobiopterin

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22
Q

L-Tyrosine is converted into ____by another AAAH enzyme (_____) with___,___,____ as cofactors.

A

L-DOPA

tyrosine 3-hydroxylase

tetrahydrobiopterin , O2, and ferrous iron(Fe2+)

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23
Q

L-DOPA is converted into___ by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid____ (AADC) ,with___ as the cofactor.

A

dopamine

decarboxylase

pyridoxal phosphate

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24
Q

Why is ___ hard to measure in the brain

And how do we eventually do it

A

This step occurs so rapidly that it is difficult to measure L-DOPA in the brain without first inhibiting AADC.

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25
Q

Dopamine is converted into____ by the enzyme____, with___,_____,___ as cofactors.

A

norepinephrine

dopamine beta-hydroxylase(DBH)

O2, copper and L-ascorbic acid

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26
Q

Norepinephrine is converted into_____ by the enzyme_____ with_____ as the cofactor.

A

epinephrine

phenylethanolamine N-methytransgerase (PNMT)

S-adenosyl-L-methionine

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27
Q

rate limiting step in Catecholamines synthesis is the____

A

hydroxylation of tyrosine

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28
Q

Catecholamine synthesis is inhibited by____, which inhibits_____ enzyme

A

alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT)

tyrosine hydroxylase

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29
Q

Insufficient amounts of phenylalanine hydroxylase result in_____, a metabolic disorder that leads to______ unless treated by____

A

phenylketonuria

intellectual deficits

dietary manipulation.

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30
Q

Location Of Catecholamines

-Catecholamines are produced mainly by the____ cells of the_____ and the____ fibers of the____ nervous system

A

chromaffin

adrenal medulla

postganglionic

sympathetic

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31
Q

Dopamine, which acts as an____ In the CNS, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the____: the____ and ____

A

NT

brainstem

VTA and the SN

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32
Q

SN contains___ -pigmented neurons.

A

neuromelanin

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33
Q

Locus coreolus also has neuromelanin neurons
T/F

And produces ____

A

T

The similarly neuromelanin-pigmented cell bodies of the locus coeruleus produce norepinephrine

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34
Q

Epinephrine is produced in small groups of neurons in the human brain which express its synthesizing enzyme, PNMT, these neurons project from a nucleus that is adjacent (____) to the____ and from a nucleus in the____ region of the___ tract

A

ventrolateral

area postrema

dorsal

solitary

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35
Q

Degradation

  • Catecholamines have a half-life of a____ when circulating in the blood.
  • They can be degraded either by____ by COMT or by____ by MAO.
  • MAOIs bind to___, thereby preventing it from breaking down catecholamines and other monoamines.
A

few minutes

methylation

deamination

MAO

36
Q

Catabolism of catecholamines is mediated by two main enzymes:COMT which is present in the____ and ___ of the cell and MAO which is located in the______
-Both enzymes above require cofactors: COMT uses____ as a cofactor while MAO uses___.

A

synaptic cleft and cytosol

mitochondrial membrane.

Mg2+; FAD

37
Q

The next catabolic steps in the pathway (after Mao or Comt) involves ___,____,____

  • The end product of epinephrine and norepinephrine is _____which is excreted in the urine.
  • Dopamine catabolism leads to the production of______
A

alcohol dehydrogenase,aldehyde dehydrogenase, and aldehyde reductase

vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

homovanillic acid(HVA)

38
Q

NE is a neuromodulator of both CNS and pns

T/F

A

T

39
Q

High blood sugar levels can lead to stress which in turn leads to high Catecholamine levels
T/F

A

F.

Low blood sugar level

40
Q

Extremely high levels of catecholamines (also known as____) can occur in CNS trauma due to stimulation or damage of nuclei in the____, in particular, those nuclei affecting the ____nervous system

In emergency medicine, this occurrence is widely known as a “_______”.

A

catecholamine toxicity

brainstem

sympathetic

catecholamine dump

41
Q

Extremely high levels of catecholamine can also be caused by______ tumors in the______, a condition known as_____

A

neuroendocrine

adrenal medulla

pheochromocytoma

42
Q

pheochromocytoma

Treatable or not treatable?

A

Treatable

43
Q

High levels of catecholamines can also be caused by MAO-A deficiency, known as ——
MAO-A deficiency occurs in the absence of pheochromocytoma neuroendocrine tumors, and_____, but it looks similar to_____ with symptoms such as_____ and _____

A

Brunner syndrome.

carcinoid syndrome

carcinoid syndrome

facial flushing and aggression.

44
Q

Acute porphyria causes depressed catecholamine levels

T/F

A

F

Causes elevated levels

45
Q

Effects Of Catecholamines

  • Some drugs, like____ raise the levels of all the catecholamines.
  • Increased catecholamines may also cause an increased respiratory rate (_____) in patients.
  • Catecholamine is secreted into___ after being broken down, and its secretion level can be measured for the diagnosis of illnesses associated with catecholamine levels in the body.
A

tolcapone

tachypnoea

urine

46
Q

Tolcapone is a _____

A

central COMT-inhibitor

47
Q

____testing for catecholamine is used to detect pheochromocytoma

A

Urine

48
Q

MAO inhibitors:

-found in____,___,____

A

neural tissue, gut and liver

49
Q

Antidepressants are MAO enhancers

T/F

A

F

50
Q

Drugs that block the activation of beta receptors (beta blockers), such as___, are often given to patients with___,____, or chest pain (____). These drugs are contraindicated in patients with asthma because they_____

A

propranolol

tachycardia

high blood pressure

angina pectoris

worsen bronchial constriction.

51
Q

Catecholamines play a key role in nutrient metabolism and the generation of body heat (thermogenesis).

T/F

A

T

52
Q

Catecholamines stimulate ___lysis and the breakdown of____.

A

glycogeno

triglycerides

53
Q

Catecholamines can regulate the secretion of multiple hormones.
T/F

A

T

54
Q

dopamine inhibits____ secretion

norepinephrine stimulates ____hormone secretion

epinephrine inhibits____ secretion

A

prolactin

gonadotropin-releasing

insulin

55
Q

Parathyroids

Location - ___ or ___ small round bodies on the posterior surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

A

4 or 5

56
Q

Parathyroids

Function:

  • secretes the ____ hormone that controls Blood ___ homeostasis
  • increases ___and____ absorption from the Intestines, Kidneys and Bones
  • increases _____ excretion [lowers blood phosphate levels]
A

Parathyroid

Calcium

Ca+2 and Mg+2

PO-3

57
Q

Disorders of parathyroid activity

Hypocalcemia
- causes by ___secretion of PTH

Hypercalcemia
- causes by ___secretion of PTH

A

hypo

hyper

58
Q

Hypocalcemia can result in tetany

T/F

A

T

59
Q

Over secretion of ___ , results in a fibrous bone disease [_____or also called ________Disease of the bone]

A

PTH

osteitis fibrosa cystica

Von Recklinghausen’s

60
Q

Glucocorticoids produced by cells of the Zona _____

Mineralocorticoids - produced by the cells of the Zona ____

Gonadocorticoids - produced by cells of the Zona _____

A

Fasciculata

Glomerrulosa

Reticularis

61
Q

Glucocorticoids promotes protein and fat catabolism

Mineralocorticoids:
aldosterone causes Sodium, Potassium ,and water retention

Glucocorticoids reduce blood pressure

Aldosterone increases blood pressure

T/F

A

T
F
F
T

62
Q

Glucocorticoids promotes vasoconstriction

T/F

A

T

63
Q

Mineralocorticoids promotes stress resistance through Anti-Inflammatory actions

T/F

A

F

It’s glucorticoid

64
Q

Glucocorticoids aids gluconeogenesis

T/F

A

F

Aids glycogenolysis

65
Q

Addison’s Disease

  • caused by ___secretion of Cortical hormones
  • results in __reased blood potassium levels
  • results in ___reased sodium retention and dehydration
  • results in ___reased blood glucose levels
  • results in ___reased blood pressure
  • results in ___reased stress resistance
  • results ___reased risk of kidney failure
A

Hypo

inc

dec

dec

dec

dec

inc

66
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

  • causes by ___secretion of Cortical Hormones
  • results in shifts of the body __ to the__ and ____
  • results in general body weakness
A

Hyper

fat

face and shoulders

67
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

results in altered carbohydrate & electrolyte metabolism

T/F

A

T

68
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome

-caused by ___secretion of____

A

Hyper

Gonadotropins

69
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome

results in premature sexual development in only males

T/F

A

F

Both males and females

70
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome

results in masculinization of females

T/F

A

T

71
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones -

_____ and _____

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

72
Q

Effects of Adrenal Medulla Hormones are parasympathomimetic

T/F

A

F

Sympathomimetic

73
Q

Effects of Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Increased respiratory rate and ___ of bronchioles

A

dilation

74
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

Insulin

  • secreted by the ___ Cells
  • promotes (lower or higher ?) blood glucose levels by: promoting glyco__
A

Beta

Lower

genesis

75
Q

Insulin

Inhibits protein synthesis

T/F

A

F

76
Q

Insulin

Promotes lipogenesis
T/F

A

T

77
Q

Pancreatic hormone

Glucagon

  • secreted by the ____ Cells
  • promotes (lower or higher?) blood glucose by: promoting glyco____
A

Alpha

Higher

genolysis

78
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin both consist of only ___-amino acid residues only.

A

9

79
Q

Glycoprotein Hormones:

They are conjugated protein where carbohydrate groups are ____,____,____etc.

A

mannose, galactose, fucose

80
Q

Group 1 hormones possess relatively shorter half-lives (minutes or seconds)

T/F

A

F

possess relatively longer half-lives (hours or day)

81
Q

Group 2 hormones possess short half-lives (in minutes).

T/F

A

T

82
Q

Primary endocrine organ failure can only be genetic

T/F

A

F

Can be genetic or acquired

83
Q

adrenal insufficiency can be due to _____ enzyme deficiency)

A

21-hydroxylase

84
Q

Hashimoto’s hyperthyroidism is an Autoimmune disease

T/F

A

F

Hypo *

85
Q

iodine deficiency leading to decreased _____ hormone synthesis

A

thyroid

86
Q

hypothyroidism due to hypopituitarism is an example of ______

A

Secondary endocrine organ failure

Bch 204 (14 decks)

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