Intro to haem

Question 1

types of blood cells

Answer 1

red cells
white cells
plateletes

Question 2

roles of blood cells

Answer 2

transporting gases
fighting infection
prevent bleeding

Question 3

how are blood cells produced

Answer 3

In bone marrow by haematopoiesis

Question 4

what are haematopoietic stem cells

Answer 4

precurosor cells where all the different blood cells are derived from

Question 5

site of haematopoiesis

Answer 5

embryo- initially in yolk salc , then the liver then marrow

birth- mostly marrow but liver and spleen when needed

Question 6

what happens to active marrow sites as we grow

Answer 6

they decr4ease but retain the ability

confined to axial skeleton eventually

Question 7

what has to happen to turn a stem cell into BC

Answer 7

proliferation and differentiation into specialist cell

Question 8

erythropoiesis

Answer 8

process of creating red blood cells in bone marrow

Question 9

thrombopoiesis

Answer 9

platelet formation

Question 10

white cells in blood

Answer 10

granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 11

what colour do eosinophils statin

Answer 11

take up eosin which is red and acidic

Question 12

basophil stain

Answer 12

take up basic- alkali dytes which are blue

Question 13

neutrophil stain

Answer 13

neutral mix

Question 14

function of neutrophils

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Granule release to break down tissues (elastases), and attract other cells via small molecules released

Short lived cells not capable of further division

Numbers are increased with ‘body stress’ eg bacterial infection, trauma, infarction

Question 15

are neutrophils bi lobed or multi

Answer 15

multi lobed

Question 16

structure of eosinophils

Answer 16

bilobed nucleus
stuffed with bright orange red granules

Question 17

function of eosinophils

Answer 17

Numbers are increased with parasitic infections

Involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
So often elevated in patients with allergic conditions eg asthma, atopic rhinitis

True function may be less apparent - involved in immune regulation

Question 18

what do the granules of basophils contain

Answer 18

histamine and heparin like molecules

Question 19

function of basophils

Answer 19

Mediates hypersensitivity reactions IgE mediated histamine release

circulating tissue version of tissue mast cell

Question 20

structure of monocytes

Answer 20

large single nucleus
scant faintly staining granules, cytoplasm light blue and often vacuolated

Question 21

function of monocytes

Answer 21

eats things

specalise into macrophages

Question 22

function of lymphocytes

Answer 22

brains of oimmune system

Question 23

immunophenotyping

Answer 23

● Different monoclonal antibodies stick to different proteins
● Each antibody has a different flurochrome (coloured tail)
● Detecting what colours are on a cell can tell you what proteins are on that cell
● Cells of different lineages express different proteins
● Stem cells express different proteins to mature cells

Question 24

tools to look at bone marrow

Answer 24

marrow biopsy

Question 25

tools to look at peripheral blood

Answer 25

fbc and blood film