Intro to Bones

Question 1

Five Functions of Bones

Answer 1

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Question 2

How do bones support?

Answer 2

serve as a series of supports to hold the body together

Question 3

How do bones protect?

Answer 3

skeleton provides protection for vital organs

Question 4

How do bones create movement?

Answer 4

serve as levers pulled by muscles

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

Have bone matrix and different cells such as chief cells and c cells

Question 6

What is bone matrix made of, and what is the second part made of?

Answer 6

a mix of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (which is made of calcium and phosphorus)

Question 7

What are the cells in storage, and where are they found?

Answer 7

Chief cells are found in the parathyroid, and c cells are found in the thyroid. Each have receptors to dtect serum (blood) calcium levels

Question 8

What are the normal levels of chief and c cells?

Answer 8

9-10 mg/dL

Question 9

What do the chief and c cells do when levels are normal?

Answer 9

Nothing

Question 10

What do the chief and c cells do when there isn’t enough calcium in the blood? What is this called?

Answer 10

C cells do nothing; Chief cells receptors detect that there isn’t enough calcium in the blood, and trigger production and release of a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH); this is called hypocalcemia

Question 11

What do chief and c cells do when there is too much calcium in the blood? What is this called?

Answer 11

Chief cells do nothing; C cells receptors detect this and trigger production and release of a hormone called calcitonin; this is called hypercalcemia

Question 12

What is hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia called?

Answer 12

Negative feedback loops

Question 13

What are the PTH functions?

Answer 13

a) leads to the stimulation of osteoclast activity; b) leads to the inhibition of osteoblast activity; c) tells your kidneys to filter out less calcium from the blood; d) tells your kidneys to produce more of an enzyme called (long long word), which turns calcidiol into calcitriol (vitamin D). Vitamin D causes the small intestine to absorb more calcium than normal

Question 14

What are Calcitonins functions?

Answer 14

a) inhibits the activity of osteoclasts; b) tell kidneys to filter more calcium from the blood

Question 15

What is blood cell formation?

Answer 15

production of blood: Hematopoiesis

Question 16

What does red marrow produce? Where is it mostly found?

Answer 16

produces erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and blood platelets; mostly found in spongy bone

Question 17

What does yellow marrow do? Where is it mostly found?

Answer 17

stores fat and does no produce blood cells; found mostly in the shaft of the long bone

Question 18

Where do all blood cells stem from? What are they? Where do they live?

Answer 18

Stem from a cell line called hematopoietic stem cells, which are pluripotent stem cells; they live in bone marrow