Bones of the Body Flashcards
What are the two main parts of the skeleton?
Axial and appendicular
What is the axial skeleton? What does it include?
runs down the middle; includes skull, vertebral column, thorax
What is the appendicular skeleton? What does it include?
branches off the middle; included limbs, pelvic girdle, shoulder girdle
What are the two main types of bone?
Compact Bone and Spongy Bone
What is compact bone?
Makes up the outside of most bones; solidly filled with matrix; the more common of the bone types
What is spongy bone?
makes up the inside of most bones; found in the marrow area of bones; has many holes inside
What are the four bone types?
long, short, flat, irregular
What are long bones?
“Standard” idea of a bone; longer than they are thick; most important part of skeletal movement; important for support
What are the three parts of long bones?
Epiphysis- head, had red marrow
Metaphysis- neck, “growth plate”
Diaphysis- shaft, has yellow marrow
How do long bones grow longer?
In young bones, the metaphyses are made of cartilage, and creates new bone on diaphyseal side and cartilage on epiphyseal side (called the epiphyseal plate or growth plate). Once the bone has stopped growing, it ossifies and turns into an epiphyseal line
What does ossify mean?
cartilage turns into bone
Examples of long bones
Arm: radius, ulna, humerus
Leg: femur, tibia, fibula
What long bone bears the most weight of any bone? Which is the strongest?
Tibia; Femur
What are the long bones in hands?
Metacarpals- longer bones that connect to wrist (5 of them)
Phalanges- short bones; 3 on each finger, except for thumb (pollux), which has two
What are the long bones in the feet?
Metatarsals- longer bones that connect to ankle (5 of them)
Phalanges- shorter bones; 3 on each toe except on big toe (hallux), which has two
What type of bone is the clavicle?
called the collarbone; most commonly broken bone in the body; first bone to begin ossification in development, but the last one to finish
What are short bones?
are about as wide as they are long; provide structure and support, but little movement
How many carpals does the wrist have, and how many tarsals does an ankle have?
8 carpals and 7 tarsals
What is a sesamoid bone? Where are they embedded? Example? why do they grow? Where are they mostly found? How many does a person have?
a special type of short bone; flattish bones embedded in a tendon or muscle; ex. a kneecap (patella); they grow or develop in response to stress or strain on a tendon; mostly found in toes/feet; number vary by person
What are flat bones?
bones that are flat in shape; predominantly for protection
What are examples of flat bones?
skull bones, and the three bones of the pelvis (illium, ischium, and pubis)
What type of bones are ribs and sternum?
Flat bones
How are ribs numbered? How are they sorted? How are ribs attached to the sternum?
They are numbered top to bottom; ribs 1-7 are “true” and 8-12 are “false” b/c they connect to rib 7; ribs 11 and 12 are “floating” because they don’t connect to the sternum; ribs are connected to the sternum by costal cartilage
What is xiphoid process?
flat projection at base of sternum
What is the shoulder blade known as?
scapula
What are irregular bones?
bones with shapes that don’t fall into another category
What are examples of irregular bones?
vertebrae in back, many lower facial bones, hyoid bone (bone that connects to tongue)
How many vertebrae make up the spine? What are the five different kinds?
33; Cervical (7), Thoracic (12-each articulates with a rib), Lumbar (5), Sacral (5-fused together), Coccyx (4- fused together)
Describe the body of a vertebra
Body-bears weight
Canal-allows spinal cord to pass
Processes- allow muscle attachment
What are the three spinal deformities? Describe them.
Scoliosis- side to side sway
Kyphosis- forward bend of T and C regions; “hunchback”
Lordosis-backward bend of L and/or C regions; “swayback”
