Intro- IRL Applications/ Mindset To Have While Studying/ Research Methods

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

The “objective” approach.
Generalizing conceptsexperiences, and outcomes.
Keywords: systemic research
* when multiple research shows a different results, how do you organize the data

Question 2

Scientific method

Answer 2

Describing what happens, predicting when, controlling what causes it to happen, and explaining why it happens
EX: what types of study behaviors lead students to get high scores? - give me an explanation (real world area of TOI but with CVs, not stats)
EX: what percentage of students earn passing grades?- describe this stat to me
Keywords: 5 steps empirical approach

Question 3

Step 1- formulate a theory

Answer 3

When figuring out how to efficiently be more productive this year, I LOOKED BACK on the EVIDENCE of what didnt work and what did work (PRIOR RESEARCH) -
Look back at others research and my own ofc to make a theory (think theorizer)

Keyword: thesis structure

Question 4

Theory

Answer 4

Explanation of how mental process or in turn, a behavior occurs

Question 5

Step 2- develop testable hypoTHESIS

Answer 5

Theory (general) - - -> hypothesis tests an ASPECT of the theory (specific) because it targets of one the four goals of scientific method (D,P,C,E; explaining more efficiently, giving new approach to change current interpretations)
Hypothesis-> prove it right, that’s why its there

Question 6

Step 3- test with research method

Answer 6

Descriptive, or relational, and experimental
Whichever one relates to your scientific method goal (DCPP)
Depends on how much control you need over manipulating and measuring certain factors (variables)- EX: use descriptive for deep dive observation if your variable needs to be measured/ observed.

Question 7

Descriptive

Answer 7

Describe this statistic to me- give me THE STATS of a TOI (YOU get the stats lol)
Describes the many different things currently happening in the real world realm of TOI (EXPLAIN different popular study methods)
Through:
Case studies- in depth investigation of sample or organization
Observational studies- observe sample in a natural environment or lab
Self-reports- surveys, interviews, questionnaires

Question 8

Correlational methods

Answer 8

This is BEFORE you manipulate -> OBSERVE different VARIABLES in a study in contrast to the other to identify a relationship between them
BUT cant explain WHY a phenomenon occurs (the cause- CHANGES in 1 variable CAUSES CHANGE in other)

Question 9

Experimental methods

Answer 9

Investigate what CAUSES an OUTCOME

REMEMBER that its always an experiment if there is a manipulated IV and measurement of DV, regardless if the DV is self-reporting (their moods are the result- only they can tell you, you dont know if they’re lying)
EX: which study technique/the thing you change (NO “PORTIONS” OF STUDY) gave best scores possible?
Here you control the SITUATION (which study method they use)

Question 10

Variables

Answer 10

characteristics that VARY from one categorical whole to another (CW is usually person, but here it is study method type)
variabilities in question-> CV = independent V remember? (Time)

EX: MANIPULATE how much time they get and MEASURE results

Question 11

Step 4- analyze data

Answer 11

1. Summarize raw data/FREQUENCIES - which scores were higher (method 1 or 2?)
   BUT
2. Use proportions to objectively proves if one method is better IN GENERAL (math)
   * dont change your hypothesis after analyzing data, because the new claim is NOT the one you did all the research for. When you’re wrong, you’re wrong

Question 12

Step 5; report data

Answer 12

Report all data and interpretations (not just things that prove YOUR ypothesis- CHERRY-PICKING).
Peer-reviewed scientific journal has it all

Question 13

Replication (step 4 share results)

Answer 13

“Confirm email address’” - expect same GENERAL results
Conduct additional research to diverse samples -> boosts confidence in findings and generalizability

Means that research is ongoing and can always be added to
To help with future replication- Report specific details of methods and analyses, and share materials used and data

Question 14

Institutional review boards (IRBs)

Answer 14

Smart ppl saying;
- observe people without theri knowledge in public but not in PRIVATE
- their info is CONFIDENTIAL
- informed consent (in writing), researchers need to mislead them on what the study is (because pppl change their behavior when they know) but NEED to tell them after
- no big pain but little pain good, if big pain “needed” (virus) , use risk/benefit ratio

Question 15

Independent variable

Answer 15

(In experimental method)
Manipulate it
EX: WHICH study method they use, but also randomly ASSIGN ppl to DIFF LEVELS of the IV
I seek to understand this variable the most

Question 16

Dependent variable

Answer 16

Measure effect of IV on this one
It will increase or decrease based on the manipulation of the IV
EX: Which study method -> test score the students (in this research) are pop of interest, not a variable

Question 17

Control group

Answer 17

(This is all happening DURING a regular experimental research, not after)
See if the scores seen in the experimental DV are really CAUSED by changing the IV (experimental or not) by manipulating IV AGAINST your TOI
This makes sure you’re not being biased because without these opposing results , you’ll have nothing to compare the validity of the experimental results with)

Control group and expirmental group (expirmnetal gorup has DV and IV/the variable changed)
EX: test if the non hypothesis study method works in this group
Keywords: “if causality exists between IV and DV”

Question 18

Experimental group

Answer 18

Here, they experience manipulation towards your bias.
(Make sure both groups get same amount/ # of independent variables ((times you use recall before test)) even if you’re biased)

Question 19

Operational definitions of IV

Answer 19

Give your variables definitions so they can be understood objectively.
Qualify what it means to study by using YOUR hypothesis method.
How do they operate EXACTLY
EX: what even IS “study by rereading”- well this qualifies it for use in MY research (subjective): time between reading, how many times read)
STAT- the examples above can be used as headings in data table (as many as needed)

Question 20

Operational definition of DV

Answer 20

DEFINE the Nature of the exam (DV) to see if the study method affects it
EX: quantify the test scores
Percent of questions they got right -> operational Definition is “percentage correct “
One DV can have lots of definitions (objective and subjective ((students self-reports)))

Question 21

Cognitive domain

Answer 21

Explores psychology from a cognitive perspective.

Question 22

Biological domain

Answer 22

Underlying brain structure and genetics on behavior and mental functioning

Question 23

Social and personality domain

Answer 23

Social factors and characteristic affect thoughts and feelings

Question 24

Mental and physical domain

Answer 24

How can you develop healthy behaviors

Question 25

Critical thinking questions

Answer 25

What’s the evidence
Will it ALWAYS tho?
Are there OTHER reasonable explanations for study’s conclusion? (Might have been based on correlation and not causation)

Question 26

Correlational relationships

Answer 26

How 2 variables are naturally correlated in real world (pizza consumption and anger are shown by data to be correlated) but doesn’t CAUSE anger

Question 27

Causal relationships

Answer 27

Manipulate pizza consumption and measure affect of that change on anger
* would I also need to use control group, like measure affect of burgers on anger?

Question 28

Confounds (third variable)

Answer 28

Variables that aren’t intentionally manipulated but could have an effect on the dependent MEASURE
EX: control group has harder text to read, than experimental group, so if these guys did better, it’d be impossible to tell if they did better cuz of the hypothesis or just the confounded variable
Make sure all variables are well defined and consistent on both sides

Question 29

Automaticity

Answer 29

Automatic processing
Your mind does things quickly without needing to think deliberately (identifying color and word meaning)

Question 30

Stroop interference

Answer 30

Most widely sued psychological test that shows teh automaticity of language and how it impacts executive unctioing (SLIGHT conflict between our automatic processing of a color that doesnt align with the word vice versa)
Its slight, so they ask you to QUICKLY mark what you see in the test
Although its slight it reveals the chemical reaction that may happen in our brains (inherent and objective to all? Or socially conditioned- maybe humans that dont have a spoken language dont experience this)

Shows teh overdoing power of reading in the brain over thinsg that have nothing to do with it (interfere with the task of identifying color)

Question 31

Manifestation error

Answer 31

Ppl may use research participation as real life affirmation of their manifestation

Question 32

WO4

Answer 32

In the research questions - there will be very subtle hints of indicators of which research method -> active reading is RELATED to their getting higher quiz scores. The research method used to get these data must have been a(n) _______ method.