Ch 7- Memory Flashcards
Forgetting
Forgetting long term memories
Practice makes THE TIME it takes for you to recall (not exactly remembering)
Normal forgetting helps us remember and use imp info (challenges us to manually activate neurons)
KW: interference, blocking, absent mindedness
HSAM highly superior autobiographical memory
If you remember too much, it disrupts your functioning
Trauma
Interference (forgetting type 1/3)
causes forgetting the MOST
Related info being memorized at the SAME time (time is more imp than relation) (relation hard to remember)
(Two phone numbers, psych and biology)
Counters the “unused memories get forgotten” argument
Types: retroactive, proactive
Don’t confuse this with memory distortion, just cuz you remember something a different way (retroactive and proactive) , doesn’t mean its forgotten
* this is truly forgotten and not a distortion
Retroactive interference
You ** FORGOR (Forgot Retro) *** the retro info because you most RECENTLY learned something else (related or unrelated)
Proactive interference
Remember older memories more than than recent ones (in this instance it had a stronger neural connection -circumstance)
KW: old ones intercept new ones
Primacy effect (LONG TERM)
Blocking (forgetting type 2/3)
What was i going to this room for?
Where is this song from??
Partial retrieval cues that still don’t pull through to WORKING memory
Can be result of interference- songs sound same, or are repeatedly heard together
Absented mindedness (forgetting type 3/3)
No selective attention (hearing but not listening)
When you multitask on anything- where one of those things are something you try to remember later on
MS: can be dangerous if you forget a kid in the car or something
Key to long term storage (levels of processing model)
Don’t vaguely recall/ repeat (short term). Hone in on details and play with those- processing rather than observing
Things that help you adapt to new environments (evolutionary/ survival motive) !! And help you protect your emotional well being too from traumatic things- emotional survival)
EX: which people are friendly and which aren’t, to warn papi to eat food carefully
Teaching others (breaks down and relays efficiently)
Encoding rehearsals: maintenance, and elaborative
Long term storage
Relatively permanent
Limitless capacity and duration (how long you live to feed it)
EX: my mr. Houston bathroom song
Maintenance rehearsal (low LOPM)
Repeating
Here you hone in on the way it sounds, the way it reads, the way it flows, not what it means (my early note-taking)
Working memory process- shallow and non encoded
ST
Schemas dont even enhance this
Elaborating maintenance (high LOPM) MEM NAME ***
Deep encoding
Working memory- deeper meaning through thinking of factual/ connections meanings (semantic knowledge) or visuals (visual encoding)
Especially when the way you process it caters to ego and preexisting schemas neural connections
LT
Dual coding (level of processing model )
Using both semantic and visual encoding
Semantics (high LOPM)
Meanings behind things that you remember more than the actual thing themselves (associated learning to the unconditioned stim)
Include visual encoding too (visual things have meaning too)
Long term storage vs short term (LOPM)
LT: WHOLE different type of memory, not just that its there longer
Primacy effects- study the retro info most because we know that the new info is still fresh, so retro info is embedded in LT
ST: recency effects- we remember most recent info more because its fresh in minds and ONLY if asked seconds after, it will EVEN be stronger than the deeply processed retro info
Auditory coding (medium LOPM)
Medium level of processing (hearing song doesn’t ingrain unless actively listened to)
** _ inherently, songs are catchy to remmebr than a single word***
Long term memory SYSTEMS
All are high on LPOM
Explicit memory implicit
Episodic, semantic mem classical conditioning. Procedural mem
Explicit memory/ declarative (LT systems)
Conscious muscle/ neural workout
Can be verbally recalled
KW: episodic, semantic
Episodic memory (explicit mem)
Experienced events (with feelings and thoughts attached)
But you remember the thoughts and feelings better because it has structure (event)
Semantic mem (explicit mem)
Facts and knowledge
Schemas (factual basis to build on) and neural connections
Tomato is a fruit can be tied into a moment when someone asks you to name a fruit
Implicit memory (LT systems)
No neuron workout required (just formed one day- survival and DEV)
Often cant be verbally described (fixed and automatic- like muscle memory and trauma)
A long term memory of an unconditioned/ biological reaction
UNCONDITIONED BIOLOGICAL RECATION (“memory” _ everything we do is a memory, this in particular is long tern thO)
**Parts of medial temporal lobe aren’t necess for these memories ***
KW: classical conditioning, procedural mem
Classical conditioning (implicit mem)
Connections between two things in real world/ brain world
** No neural workout to retrieve memory-> just conditioned response - EVEN if it itself is a meaningful, semantic memory, its super conditioned in thsi case *
** like PTSD resposne
EX: i had a panic attack with that one coach, so I get sick of thinking I’d ever do that again (automatically, and permanently because negative thinsg last)
Procedural mem (implicit mem)
Motor skills and habits (survival and quirky body movements you’ve created and fixed)
EX: making face when looking in mirror (you just do it, you don’t need to remember)
Thinking about walking, messes you up because you’re thinking about it when it DOESNT need this effort
Schema
A long term memory STRUCTURE, not system
Memory bias/ hindsight bias (mem distortion)
Change how you remember, or details of a memory so that it fits your CURRENT beliefs or attitudes
EX: protection from trauma, manifestation, making you feel better
EX: linking current things to make current thing more accurate->someone says I have SA, “ i remember you were shy”
Flashbulb memories (mem distortion)
Episodic
Vivid memories that capture the CIRCUMSTANCES you were in during rlly stimulating events (egotistical)
EX: DETAILS of what I did while papi was choking
Distorted because they repeat story SO MUCH they dont recall it the same, and construe the details because it was so intense
but still keep in long term most
Misattribution/ source amnesia (mem distortion)
Memory for event, but not the circumstances (where you encountered it, time, place, person)
EX: you think you remember walking your dog at a young age, but you aren’t DIRECTLY recalling it, you’re recalling the memory of hearing your parents tell its story
You don’t remember the circumstances directly, you only directly remember your friends telling you about those circumstances
This childhood loss-> lack of language (frontal lobes underdeveloped)
KW: cryptoamnesia
Cryptoamnesia (source misattribution)
Same idea with the storytelling parents, but the storytelling parents is a primary source and you just plagiarized because you
!!! You’re forgetting so bad that you forget the memory, remember only through storyteller, THEN you forget THAT memory o being told and think it was really yours
thought you made it yourself but its not a DIRECT memory
Suggestibility (mem distortion)
Misleading info-> distorted memory of event
Not accurate to the memory itself, it’s accurate to the power of language
When something changes, we just feel the need to believe it or else we might be going crazy (Mandela effect)
EX: power of language-> “smashed” makes people memorize more violence explicitly
Form memory
Process info form external world -> encode into info your brain can recognize -> stored (personal, imperfect)
3 processing phases:
Encoding-> meaningful neural code that can be used
Storage (lasts a millisecond or lifetime
Retrieval -> access info form storage (successful if storage is successful)
Long and short term ^^
Memory complexities
Neurons and synapse change overtime (unlike computers)
Extremely subjective (process, storage, retrieval)
Memory is what seemed meaningful to YOU
Memory stores
Info flows from sensory, to short, to long to maintain particular amount of info for particular length of time
How info is processed when its stored from one store to another
Sensory storage
Senses- encoding through the sense by which it was received
Held VERY briefly (brief maintenance) in sensory organ before it moves into short term or long term (mostly short term)
Let’s us have unified experience - each sensory memory is held for about 1/3 second but auditory is 3-4 seconds
World as continuous stream of discreet sensations
Short term storage
Use info immediately (holds 5-9 encoded things for less than 20 seconds
Increase as kid, decrease as adult
Working memory
During SHORT TERM
Increase duration and capacity of short term storage
Without this, only be able to hold a little in short term at a time
Caappleballsquare head
Chunking- best for working memory (numbers) increases mem span of it and facilitates retrieval
Repetition- The very first things you hear when called to attention beforehand (preparation time), WORKING memory works best there and diminished (gets tired) as you go down list
* can also be for long term tho right??? ??? ???
Aetrograde amnesia
Brain regions involved in memory (different responsibilities)
Prefrontal cortex- working
Hippo- consolidation, spatial
Temporal lobe- explicit mem
Amygdala- implicit- emotional mems (trauma) Office- are the brain regions SPECIFICALLY where neurons go in order to BEGIN their processes? (Implicit memory, explicit, all those categories)
Cerebellum - implicit procedural (motor mems)
Retrieval
Access from LT
Revival cues-
context-dependent memory cues: give context in which info was encoded (if context matches, you’ll be more likely to recall)
State dependent memory cues: helps with internal moods/ psychological states associated with it,
mnemonics: (use associatively learned info ((multiple choice questions are easiest))
- method of loci- mnemonics but with physical locations you’ve physically explored (remembering unrelated locations by visualizing a location- structure of brain and house)
Dopey, grumpy, doc, happy, sleepy, bashful
Brain damage (memory)
Deficit in explicit memory (LT, events and semantic) / memory for knowing he had learned something NEW
Alll memories kept——damage-> from then on memory impairment
Keep implicit part of LT memory
Schemas
Chunks together SIMILIAR info that are then used for:: organizing, perceiving, processing, + USING it @@@ for LONG TERM reference @@@
** REFERENCE makes it a structure, not a system*** <- this is imp _ it was another card
Atkinson 3 part mem model
Sensory input -> sensory storage -> attention and encoding-> short term-> attention and encoding -> long term
Attention and encoding breaks= working memory (repeating and chunking)
Covert attention vs overt attention
Visually eyes on her but still paying SPATIAL attention to him
VISUALLY on her and attention on her
Visual cues (selectiev attention)
Spotlight leads attention to stage
(Expected cue location- most effective attention maintenance and therefore more time more efficient neural work)
