Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

hashqwioh > Ch 3- Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Ch 3- Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Examine effects of nature and nurture on our psychical, social-emotional and cognitive spectrums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychical changes (general dev)

A

Biological (brain , body and hormone levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Social-emotional changes

A

How we regulate our emotions in relation to our surroundings (understanding of ourselves and in turn- others)
* (or other way around)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cognitive changes (general)

A

Thought processes, reasoning skills and communication efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prenatal development PERIODS

A

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Germinal period (2 weeks after conception)

A

Zygote (fertilized egg) —two weeks- implants in uterus wall -> placenta (feeds it)
PROBS: miscarriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Embryonic period (3-8 week- no months)

A

IMP for spinal, brain dev, and ALL internal organs (heart, lungs, kidneys, liver )
PROBS: birth defects (mom no eat enough nutrient folic acid during first month- spina bifida) MOST RISKY PERIOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3- Fetal period (9 week to birth)

A

16 weeks-Move muscles
6 months- eyes and eyelids
Organs finished
FINALLY- grows in length and weight
Brain processes SENSORY input and output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PROBS during prenatal period

A

Affects Psychological dev- deficits in cognitive, emotional or social functioning

Teratogens: Placenta filters out the bad but FAILS to a lot
KW: (139) living outside the womb) 28 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Premature birth

A

Fully developed at 28 WEEKS
MAYBE caused by nutrition, environment or genetics
DEFINITELY smoking, drinking, and drugs (opioids- withdrawal symptoms in newborns and LIKELY for infant death syndrome)
Will likely die if premature, but also cerebral palsy , breathing/ hearing deficits AND long term->intellectual, ADULT social relationship problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Teratogens (prenatal dev)

A

Drugs, infections (syphilis), environment (x-rays and mercury)
effects of these vary by exposure TIME, when exposure happens, and amount
Effects: language, reasoning, attention, behavior, emotional disorders
Even smallest exposure has huge effects
KW: 4.4% of moms use drugs
* natural selection- our life experiences are passed along in sperm (fathers too) as epigenetic info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Affects of drugs (babies)

A

Weed- psycho problems - socio-emotional and cognitive functioning
Alcohol- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)- small head (microcephaly, deformed limbs, face, abnormal brain dev. ALSO behavioral probs
- dads sperm weakened by alcohol natural selection thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Zika virus

A

Transmitted through sexual activity-> fetus gets it-> microcephaly (most impactful during 1st trimester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brain dev in babies (NVN!!)

A
  • SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS!!(there was no neuron at first, just neuron?)
    • REGIONS of brain communicate- process info and form COMPLEX neuron friendships
    • brain grows 80% of full potential at age 4 ( _ myelination and connections PARTICULARLY in frontal lobes!!! )
      1. (neural pruning)
    • less neural pruning/ less connections made -> are not able to explore the external world and aren’t AMPLY stimulated (poverty) really early
      • effects: process complex info LATER than average baby, health problems, addiction, criminal activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Motor dev

A

Innate survival skills- rooting reflex: when stroke corner of their mouth, they turn and open mouth to find food-> sucking reflex
Grasping reflex: stroke palms- curl fingers
LATER ON-> maturation of motor skills are both nature and nurture _ nurture - cultural and parental practices (cribs vs strapped to moms back)
Some babies skip steps of maturation (MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sensory dev

A

Some sensory abilities (see, touch, taste, smell, hear) are already there from birth (the survival ones)
Hear and taste well- recognize moms voice and so they learn to prefer specific sounds over unusual ones
Sight- high contrast patterns (black and white)
They develop their sight by focusing mostly on breast and faces for social information

These all get better with RICH experience and development (auditory cortex (6months hear, brain and eye dev) - N and N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Piagets theory of cognitive dev/ schemas

A

When we form new schemas, we change HOW we think
Schemas: unique and natured perceptions of world through understanding functions (through accommodation and assimilation)
EX; schema= filing cabinet thats filled up with our interpretations which we then sift through
Generalized neural connections/ thinking processes
Constant schema building (assimilation and accommodation)-> complex schemas overtime
!!!! Cognition develops when schemas are created and change overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Assimilation (schemas)

A

Alter pre-existing schemas _ we gained new and more experiences being exposed to the schemas source
EX: butterfly’s cant be birds _ they don’t have beaks

  • when explaining things to children, explain in simplest terms (things they can easily distinguish- beak, not insect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Early attachment

A

Even babies with disabilities, they all SEEK and NEED emotional bonding
Attachments- emotional connections that babies monopolize to increase their care, protection and social support 4 SURVIVAL
EX: Caregivers give this with parentese FE (high pitched voices) which causes baby to maintain eye contact-> motivates more parentese
Social- practice makes progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monkey expiriment

A

Babies seek love and care, MORE than food
Reveals our ubiquitous purpose in life and value in living
Psychological comfort is more necessary to human survival than anything- toxic masculinity (socio-emotional dev)
* maybe this created beauty standards? Soft things over harsh things from birth?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Separation anxiety

A

When babies cant SEE their attachment figures- distress (up to age 1)

  • we NEED to spoil them at this age (no baloney about teaching them independence) _ if they feel even once that they wont get your attention when they ask for it, they’ll become ambivalent or insecure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strange-situation test (Mary Ainsworth)

A

Show various attachment styles (infant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secure attachment (strange test)

A

Happy with caregiver and stranger-> Distress when caregiver is gone, comfort when they show up again
!!! Secure enough to cry cuz they know that they’re dad is securely gonna come right away
(Better social-emotional functioning, self-control and peer relations in childhood)
(60-65%)
* do babies really love us or just need to survive/ biological reaction or survive off psychological comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Avoidant attachment (insecure attachment)

A

(30-35%)
May avoid caregiver when they return, play with stranger

Emotionally neglected or actively rejected so they expect caregiver to not ALWAYS be available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ambivalent attachment (insecure)

A

Cries when leaves, but seek or reject when back (ambivalent)
Emotionally neglected or actively rejected so they expect caregiver to not ALWAYS be available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Flaws in research (attachment styles)

A

Focus mainly on western cultures
Different societal norms determine what we view as normal attachment styles in and WITHIN our selves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Accommodation (schemas)

A

New info doesn’t fit in pre-existing schema
New info- new schema
No interaction with pre-existing
So they change up their WHOLE understanding to better fit their environment

28
Q

Sensorimotor stage (birth- 2)

A

Learn things through their innate motor reflexes (their first schemas which then become guiding principles to set against the continued use of that motor function)
- object permanence (up until 9 months)- objects disappear behind my back

29
Q

Socialization

A

When peopel are socialized in a small community, they were never exposed to difering styles of socialization/ talking styles, everyone was raised the same with peopel who were raised the same- they don’t comprehend things out of the norm (close-minded to different peoples)
Especially in the days with no internet where you can observe the differences in people easily and become more empathetic
Immediately when I first got instagram i was able to spark some ideas of use how different peopel carried themselves because of their profiles.

30
Q

Pre operational stage (2-7)

A

Aware of things to form thoughts about them, but no logical connections made abt outcomes
(instead-> follow intuition with superficiality)
Also symbolically-> stick is sword
Egocentrism (next card)
Centration: focus on height instead of both height and width to compare volumes

31
Q

Egocentrism (preop)

A

If i cant see you, you cant see me (no empathy)

32
Q

Concrete operational stage (7 to 12) - concret manipulation needed to operate ( cant think outside of that)

A

Logical thought
Understand NOWW that things have same quantity if nothing has been added to it but through illusion it appears different
(Can’t think logically about the deeper ways in which they could possibly be different)
Categorize things based on characteristics
Reverse operations

33
Q

Dementia

A

Lose mental ability (thinking behavior) and personality
Causes: small strokes (affect brains blood supply) and Alzheimer’s disease (GENETIC memory disease)
Young ppl: alcoholism and HIV
Playing active role in their dev will ease the transitions (Exercise + regular cognitive stress)

34
Q

Formal operational

A

Abstract thought w/o dependence on CONCRETE manipulation

35
Q

Marriage (middle adulthood)

A

Happier (w/o= depression)
Nowadays - later
Men benefit more than woman _ we are supportive like that
Correlational findings: Unhappily married or more at risk for health than the lonelies (women especially)
Good marriage-> sense of generativity

36
Q

NVN on girls periods

A

Menstruate earlier if has insecure attachment (body feels threatened, so body wants to spread genes faster)
Endocrine system

37
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

DIRECTLY involved in sex (sexual maturation and able to reproduce)

38
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Not directly related to reproduction :
Body hair (pubic, armpit)
Boys - jaws, voices deepen
Girls- lose belly fat, get curves

39
Q

Growth spurt (hormones)

A

Hormone levels increase launching you into maturation (physical- height and weight aren’t sex characteristics but still change)
(Primary secondary, cognitive)

40
Q

Brain reorganization (puberty)

A

Synaptic connections strengthen
Frontal lobes dev. To help them with identity and empathy but 25
Limbic system (emotion and reward system/ impulsivity) developed (active) more than frontal cortex (risky behavior)
Are still able to understand their behavioral consequences/ think critically but its HARD (boosted if loving people support them)
Fun fact: teenage screen time affects their vision and control parts of cognitive structures

41
Q

Kohlberg

A

We get our morals from our cognitive processes, not emotions (shame pride, guilt)
Some regard social consequences, but other regard the deeper implications it has on meaning of life/ state of society

42
Q

Generativity vs stagnation (Erik)

A
43
Q

Integrity vs despair (Erik)

A

it’s integrity because Oder adults no longer have to perform their happiness with life, so it’s TRUE (integrity) or depressed/ acting happy about end of life (despair)

44
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A
45
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A
46
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

Trying different social roles for a SOLID identity

47
Q

Babble

A

Intentional focalization within no meaning- goo goo Gaga (7-8 months)

48
Q

One word stage (8- 18 months)

A

Combine phonemes into morphemes to label items, action words, quantities (no more), adjectives, byes and hellos, internal stages (boo hoo)
All important to them

49
Q

18-24 months telegraphic speech

A

Put together bare bone words according to correct syntax (throw ball= i threw the ball)

50
Q

Overregulariztion

A

Adding -ed to end of words
Grammatical rule to all situations even where they shouldn’t be

51
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit of WORD that still has meaning
WITHIN this is phonemes
(Asked= ask and ed )

52
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds you make when you say a word
(Asked= a/s/k/t

53
Q

Permissive

A

Kids will be kids

54
Q

Authoritative

A

Temper higher expectations with warmth and reasoning

55
Q

Neglectful parental style (teens)

A

No limits or expectations

56
Q

Authoritarian

A

Exert control but DONT responds warmly

57
Q

Brain dev is not cognitive dev

A

It’s physical dev

58
Q

Modern research for Piaget

A

Children can be developing skills in the different stages of cognitive dev AT ONCE

59
Q

Old age myths

A

People report well-being (cognitive wisdom)
More memory decline (30%) in those that hold onto negative memories more than positive and live 7.5 years longer
Continually challenge yourself, embrace life-long learner attitude for longer life
* how can they happily recite positive memories without feeling sad that they can’t recreate new ones?
* when we neglect negative memories is that not a sign of fear for going into death with positive mind in fear of death

60
Q

Infancy years

A

18-24 months

61
Q

Childhood years

A

2 years- 11/14 years

62
Q

Sensitivity during puberty

A

Drift away from family in search of social and internal identity
- emulate characteristics of our peers like a survival skill expect its social survival (or truly biological survival because of our NEED for human acceptance)
Literally scars teen girls’ self esteem INTO adulthood, however although its HIGJLY social, th e puberty aspect is the primary driver (cognitive changes) so this should motivate us to move forward and dont let the neural changes affect us anymore to the frequency they have been (know they are there and will stay, but dont let them steamroll you)

63
Q

Moral dev

A

Pre conventional - self interest
Conventional- social interest (law)
Post conventional - value of life’s deeper meaning interest (better of all- breaking law)

problems: dont include moral emotions like guilt, shame, pride and gratitude

64
Q

Emerging adulthood (18-25)

A

Ends physical and sexual maturity
Decline in muscle mass, bone density, hearing and eyesight

65
Q

Older adulthood (

A

11% over 65 get Alzheimer’s
Take longer to process info but when they do, they think just as efficiently as we do
Seek out LASTING happy experiences, not BRIEF ones anymore
Intimacy vs. isolation- having optimism
Integrity vs. despair - accept life as its been or have regrets
Generativity vs stagnation- leaving behind positive LEGACY (also for middle adulthood)

66
Q

Stages of grief

A

Denial
Anger at death itself
Bargaining for ANYTHING but this
Depression at LOSSES
Acceptance of inevitable

  • can you skip any of these steps?

hashqwioh (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions