Ch 9- Motivation And Emotion Flashcards
Facial expressions need
NEED context to (correctly or incorrectly) interpret/ decipher the emotions behind facial expressions
Have to alwyas follow your random impulses because those lead you to your fate and not when you overthink decisions
Facial expressions (culture)
Isolated cultures (no learning)- recognized emotions but the different cultures among themselves didn’t all agree
Can identify emotions but this identification is different among different cultures. (So their first identification could have been wrong)
When communicate-> gain learned associations for each other !!!BUT dont need communication to know the universal ones!!! (Biological)
When its not biological, its not social , but adaptive (reading expressions) !!!
MS: Strongest- happy and weakest- fear/disgust
!!!!! UNIVERSAL = happy and smile because everyone literally does this, its the frown = not mad thing
SUBTLE hints of learned expression
!! Be weary- happy emotions are objective cross culturally (smile muscles)
Pride expression (innate)
Since they pose similarly each time they’re proud, its innate and not learned (biologically innate)
I guess its an evolutionary caveman thing but we’ve only seen it in our society so we think its a social construct just like women’s tend and befriend
Display rules (learned rules)
Despite universal emotion - learned associations from one’s OWN cultural rules and then learned associations OF other’s
Dispaly rules - we only learn them _ we contextualize them
Identify/aware of emotions in our own cultures but ONLY when CONTEXT for the rule is clear - like in japan they easily understand that facial expression doesnt translate to emotion ESPECIALLY at dinner time all (context for the rule)
Gendered emotions
Women less likely to show anger than men (only emotion generally accepted among men)
This is difference in status than gender (patriarchal oppression reactions dont equal true nature)-!!! nature AND nurture tho (pride expression card )
Women Express emotions better (may not be necessarily because they feel emotion stronger, but because that is what they have learned that society expects of them)
Men- defensive
Emotional regulation techniques
Thought suppression- suppress neg (dont work _ you have to think about not thinking in order to suppress them and the cycle is biologically set)
Rumination- negative thinking (effect of thought suppression)
better versions. Think about neg in new ways (not suppressing)
Positive reappraisal- don’t be neg
Humor- satirical coping
Distraction- temp fix
Positive reappraisal (regulating)
Think about the negative stimulus in a new way to trick your brain into calmly integrating and molding into the new thought pattern (mix a little bit of truth to make it work tho)
Changes activity of brain regions involved in emotion (thought patterns) !!Create a new social norm and attach it to the “negative “ stimuli (create positive association)
Humor (regulating)
Never feel better than when im having a laughing fit
Lack of oxygen - increase blood pressure, circulation and
Distraction (regulating )
Temp stop thinking about negative stimulus
Watching movies is better than smoking weed
At what point does this enable addictive/ unable to cope without it symptoms? Can’t we do it responsibly?
At what point does the pain numbing start to actually disable us from being able to cope alone
Theories of emotion
James-Lange theory - bodily responses
Cannon-bard theory- brain processes info then body and emotion simultaneously responds
Two-factor theory- when my heart thrums when im high so i think i must be scared but im not
James-Lange theory
James- Afraid because we shake (body change pattern)
- body change PATTAERNS lead directly to certain emotions
Lange added- patterns of body reposinses leads to the perception of them being an emotional reaction
!!!!Biological first, then emotion directly stems from biology (here emotion is more of a spiritual thing than a biological since biological reaction is not inherently emotional- just functional which THEN leads to emotion ((isn’t emotional itself)) !!!! Spiritual _ two-factor is logical
EX: fake laughing makes you literally happy (endorphins)
When i have a smile on my face from nervousness I end up laughing and finding everything hysterical
Cannon-bard theory
Opposite of James
Emotion first, (endoprhins first) then body responds (heart rate, sweat)
Makes sense too because !!! i get anxious AND my body tenses (not “so”), i dont get anxiety because my body tenses (its all in my emotional realm)
When our emotions are hazy and seriously mixed up, our body has same response (heart rate for happy and sad), so mind and body experience emotions APART from each other
Biology is just in its biology realm and emotional realm isn’t, but emotion happens first , but they are seemingly cause and effect but no SPECIFIC emotion leads to it. ^^^^
Processed in Subcortical regions-!!! emotion produced in cortex and physical reactions happen at SAME TIME but NOT TOGETHER (no specific emotion causates with tensing since they all just correlate with tension)
!! It correlates because of the whole autonomic response thing
Two factor theory (physiological def )
Physiological response (body response)
Interpret bodily response LEADS to emotion made
This is different because it requires you to actually process it mindfully whereas with James it simply occurs to its own accord
EX: whatever you believe caused the response (canon) BASED ON CONTEXT is what you will LABEL the emotion
Using wrong emotional label- misattribution of arousal (you were scared but you thought it was love- toxiccc)
So you explain it with words -> emotions -> body
Classical conditioning of emotions (food)
Conditioned time of day that creates learned response (hungry)
Affect physiological systems that increase hunger
Familiarity (food)
GENERALLY we continue to eat foods we were raised with
EVOLUTIONARY: unfamiliar foods may be poisonous or make you sick- we need to be classically conditioned to like them in the FIRST place (also MODELING safe food)
Cultural (food)
MOTIVATION to eat is based on cultural expirnces
Animals we eat (even objects) is totally subjective (we just don’t eat dogs in our particular culture)
Religiously- Hindus dont eat sacred beef
Ethnically- moving to new country but carry food preferences with you
Flavor (food)
Biological preference fro sweetness as opposed to the most bitter sour and acidic flavors (fruits evolutionary , not candy)
Diets of sugar vary from culture to culture (Americans eat dessert for breakfast)
NEED variety of flavors to keep eating, literally. Also due to texture and complimentary expireces
Sustain behavior (motivational state)
Helps you keep your drive for a goal (see something out all the way to the end)
Persistent thing that makes you even more determined to reach goal (
Directive (motivational state)
When you focus on doing one thing purposeful (needs- biological, and goals) - primary and secondary reinforcements
Will then branch off into sustain behavior
INSTRUCTIONS!! Putting into words (reinforcements) !!!!!
Diff from activating because you actually work toward goal, !!! Puts a purpose to the need !
Differ in strength (motivational state)
The intensity of the motivation depending on person or situation (internal and external forces)
Different intensities change based on internal and external forces
Activating (motivational state)
A thing makes you get up and DO something (microwave beeping)
General theories of motivation- (motivational states)
4 types- activating , directive goal, sustaining, differing in strength
Internal motivating factors
4- satisfaction of needs, optimal level of arousal, drive reduction
Satisfaction of needs (internal)
Need= biological or social survival
Maslow’s need hierarchy
Mallows hierarchy
Mallow’s need hierarchy (physiological)- basic survival needs must be met before they can satisfy higher needs : !!!! Water is “on top” !!!
water first (PHYSIOLOGICAL needs) then safety, then belongingness and love(social life), THEN esteem (accomplishments socially- satisfiicng) , self actualization (maximizing- achieving personal dreams and manifestations come true yas)
Critic - SUBJECTIVE not backed by scientific research (not everyone’s biologically hardwired to care so much about community or not accomplishing dreams
WO4- sometimes you gotta hurt yourself for what you want
Drive reduction (internal)
@ A state of !! AROUSAL !
@ deprivation (dopamine) increases motivation
You #engage in behavior to satisfy !!shortage of one of your needs (thing that makes you happy and can sustain drive) (this #drive for the need then satisfies the !!need through behavior)
Lack of Need -> drive to act -> behavior to satisfy ( drive to get)
When you change behavior to get the need = drive
Types: set point, homeostasis
Optimal level of arousal (internal)
Physiological activation (unconditioned response/ non associative)
Increased autonomic response
Sensation seeking
Low level of internal arousal (dont like sensation seekinG)
Pleasure principle (internal)
Seek the opioid effect
(Kinda like dopamine but more aligned with the goals of opioids)
External motivation
changes behavior _ result of activity or activity itself is enjoyable/ valuable
!!!! Result or act itself - incentive, goal, outcomes we pursue or DONT WANT
Intrinsic intro classes have pleasure associated (is pleasure seeking not a goal)
Extrinsic -
Autonomic nervous system
Bodily response (fixed) to different emotions is similar (sweat and heart rate for happy and scared.
SPECIFIC emotions -> diff PATTERNS of activity in body
PERPECTPTION of these patterns actually changes emotional EXPERIENCE (like the misattribution) - canon and 2
Similar bodily responses for diff emotions across lots of culture (objective)
Polygraph lie test
Autonomic arousal high (bodily responses)
Unreliable: responses aren’t attributed SPECIFICALLY to one emotion (could be generally anxious)
Pattern of arousal easy to be misattributed
Amygdala (emotion)
Context: Brain regions produces emotions
Like cortical areas (prefrontal cortex), but MOSTLY amygdala for !!! Emotional learning
@ Processes emotion- sensory info (not smell) goes to thalamus, then brain structures and cortex- priority (rlly emotional) processing goes directly from thalamus to amygdala (% FAST PATH)
Actually confirm threat by thalamus to cortical areas (visual cortex PROCESSES) BEFORE going to amygdala (% SLOW PATH)
@ READING FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - damage here = unable to notice fear and trustworthiness
@Developed through evolution of protecting from danger
Homeostasis (drive reduction)
Survival drives !!maintain stable biological condition (equilibrium) on the BODILY FUNCTIONS level
@SET POINT- the desired equilibrium state (!!balanced state) (Goldilocks zone that bodily functions are attracted to)
EX: body temperature
@ MOTIVATION comes from our behavior modification in response to the body telling you to put on a jacket for regulation
!!! Set point is need -> drive is body telling us to -> behavior modification
Self- determination theory (internal)
Determined to self boost -> inspired to do their most inspired and creative work!!! @ this is diff between self perception
(it really is because of confidence)
Intrinsic (extrinsic goals go against sense of self control- because they dont mean as much to YOU as they do to their objective agenda- we prefer our subjective ones)
Self-perception theory (internal)
Same as self-determination where extrinsic rewards reduce internal motivation but we aren’t aware
We aren’t aware of our specific motives, just go with the flow (this flow makes us unconsciously lean more towards believing you do things out of self-fulfillment over reward)
Reward replaces goal of pure pleasure
!!! You are motivated to do something but you didn’t really know why (fast) and so you perceive it as an intrinsic thing than as biological optimal level (it’ was for reward/ need)
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivate behavior resales of person or situation
Both combined influence outcome of your behavior
WO4- the fact that when someone works towards their social anxiety, its seen as an external reward (gaining friends) and totally not an internal one
I guess its about what you really enjoy (lets face it, I dont get genuine joy from leaving my comfort zone)
IMP - enjoying the outcome emphasized for instrcinis
In - dress 4 yourself (monkeys dont need reward)
Ex - dress for others
Objectively accepted things about emotions
They are associated with changes in environment and therefore changes in behavior
Debate lies within the chicken egg argument of physical response or emotion
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Achievement motivation (LT)
- Specific, measurable, realistic, timely (standard of excellence, NOT pleasure)
- Self-efficacy (believing in yourself)
- Gratification delay (resisting temptation + temptation from even thinking about it- drugs)
- Grit (the mid-process, in-process motivation/ passion) to overcome hardships
Emotions
Primary (inside out)
Secondary (blending these - happy and sad= guilt)
Circumplex model
Categories by valance (negative to positive) and arousal/ activation (low or high )
So emotions themselves are describes by how they affect your body and if its a good emotion neurologically or not
Theories of emotion
Yerkes- Dodson law
Arousal, motivation = performance
Too much arousal -> too much motivation = bad
Too little arousal -> not enough motivation= bad (self-medicating)
Moderate arousal = BEST possible performance
Motivations of hunger
Leptin- hormone from fat cells - stops LATER appetite if you eat NOW by telling !!! Hypothalamus to stop
Glucose - low glucose = hungry (theory) - increases after eating
Limbic system - makes cravings through reward prospect
Hypothalamus - control over food consumption (damage -> obesity)
Ghrelin - hormone in stomach - triggers hunger
Pancreas - insulin hormone > controls glucose levels after eating and stops further eating
