Ch 6- Learning Flashcards
Non-associative learning (type 1/3)
Real world information that doesn’t need association because it’s the raw source material
The VERY first thing youre exposed to, and learn. which then later on you can learn to associate other things with it (to learn another thing- not this thing)
KW: habituation and sensitization
- it can technically be associative if you learn about a cow for the very first time by learning that- wait no i get it. Its just raw sight and its the source that then you can later form new schemas on, but needs basis
Habituation
Exposed to stimulus a lot and for long until behavioral response ceases to be reactionary or even acknowledging
KW: when its not harmful or rewarding, just neutral
!! Learn not to react it, not you learn not to react to it because of a specific memory associated with it
* if you learn not to react to it, and learn to react to it (sensitization), you DOO learn,@@ learning not to react to it (habituating) DOES NOT need association/ is on its own something you learn,
the stimulus is an unconditioned stimulus !!!
@@ Biologically we adapt to patterned stimulus/ learn to not react to it @@
You learn it itself, not on the basis of using other associations IO2 learn it
Sensitization
Opposite of habituation (behavioral responses heighten)
Stimuli that we LEARN is harmful or rewarding
Changes along with SOCIETAL implications (covid sneezes)
Its not associative its just complementary to habituation (so anything that breaks your trance)- biological/ unconditioned response
@@biological - autonomic responses @@
Associative learning (types 2/3)
Real world observation-> other real world observation
How do both their perceived interpretations connect and therefore what do you learn from them !!! And what new thing they create
Process: conditioning- associating things together in a relationship for further use after a while of noticing patterns
KW: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, acquisition
Classical conditioning
When you observe that one stimulus leads to another, so much that you learn to expect it and also predict things from interaction
Neutral thinsg begin to make response when paired with a “used to” thing (alr makes a response)
One singular thing can and usually is 2 states of stimulus (unconditioned, then conditioned)
US- unconditioned thing- not conditioned thing !!! CAN be used to it, just not conditioned - IMP- elicits RESPONSE without prior conditioning (not cupcake- because no response) (non associative learning)
UR- unconditioned response- instinctively (nonassocoiatiev bc its immediate, innate reactions, then becomes associative), not learned
CS- conditioned thing- “used to” thing which becomes “used to” only because its paired with the not-used to thing (learn about &&& cow for first time(US)-> associate milk(NS) with cows (CS) &&& -> think of milk when think of cows (CR)
Neutral stimulus- it is turned conditioned because of unconditioned
CR- conditioned response- associate things together, now that youre paired with a “used to” (NOW used to) thing which is the KEY for it being a “used to” response, but youre not really used to it at first, but will overtime
Operant conditioning
Behavior leads to a certain outcome
So you observe the relationship by being/doing the observed IV
Instead of observing cause and effect (classical)
We DO the cause and effect
Dopamine->
KW: behavior modification , reinforcer (consequence that affects the action itself (consequence of THIS action) if its repeated or not
Learning by watching others (types 3/3)
Literally
KW: observational learning, modeling, vicarious conditioning
Observational learning (LBWO)
Observe behavior, then learn it or/and change your own
Prosocial behaviors- taking the good
KW: Empathy, mirror neurons
Modeling (LBWO)
Imitate behaviors
Diff from observational, because you copy them down to a T, and observational is just a rough recipe (put own spin)
There is a physical threshold to actually imitate cool stuff tho
Also imitate prosocial behaviors when observing prosocial models
Monkey see, monkey do
Vicarious conditioning (LBWO)
Change behavior or not if you see other person (MODEL) get rewarded or punished for it
Wont do acquired behavior until given a direct incentive/ reward cuz of fear
Acquisition (associative learning- classical)
Tests to ACQUIRE learning/ Gradual connection of a “used to” (CS) thing and a not-used-to-in this context (unconditioned) thing (stimulus) IO2 to get a conditioned RESPONSE
Positive reinforcement (biological)
Pleasure reinforcement (dopamine) -> more rewarding when you have been deprived (of dopamine and stimulus) and motivates behavior
KW: ALSO endorphins
Dopamine (operant conditioning)
Increase the rewarding/ reinforcing effect of stimuli
The more dopamine a reward has, the more motivated a person will be to operate in a fashion to get that reward
Biological limitations to learn (animals)
Animals cant learn behaviors that counter their evolutionary adaptations
But CAN when learning new survival behaviors (aligns with their biological predisposition to survive)
Learning without reinforcement/ latent learning
People learn (cognitive map) even without reinforcements, but reinforcements just encourage a DEMONSTRATION/ show casing of what was learned so we can get more
Any cognitive visualization that you learn
I can memorize things just fine for a test (reifncorent) but I’m not actually truly learning efficiently
So when ppl learn WITH reinforcement, they tend to learn but not efficiently (just show-Casey for a grade)
Associative and non-associative
Reinforcement (good or bad) will get responses, but not efficiently (American school system)
Cognitive map
Based on things seen and spatial awareness, to navigate
Mirror neurons (observational learning)
When observing someone do an action with a GOAL attached, they activate
When you both do the same thing, the SAME accustomed mirror neurons are firing in BOTH your heads
KW: empathy, predict behaviors of others, understand their actions
EX: all those TikTok’s about mirroring personalities
Adaptive - learning to suit your biological chances at survival
Avoid something in future because you get “thing” aversions (biologically- survival/ conditioned)
Taste aversions work with smell and taste, not light or sound OBVIOUSLY
Also MOSTLY with stimuli that we are CONDITIONED to fear as threats (snake in my room vs candles)
KW: opposes the rat argument (cognitive map)
Cognition in learning
Learning NEEDS a “used to” thing to accurately (schema) PREDICT the “not used to” thing
Basically efficiently make the connection to learn (classical)
!!!Some conditioned things make MORE sense for making a learned connection than others
Cognitive model of classical learning
Connection is determined by how unexpected the “not used to” thing is
The learning part- We will try to understand it by linking it with previous “used to” events. !!!!So it HAS to be unexpected (non associative stimulus) for us to learn (challenging new things brings more growth)
(Dwight thing)
Behavior modification
Change (modify) behavior (of anyone and urself)
Operant conditioning techniques
KW: secondary reinforcement and primary
Secondary reinforcement
The reinforcement doesn’t come immediately, they need to OPERANTLY and slowly (have more of a chance) to determine if they end up being rewarded
(Motivates to continue working but doesn’t satisfy basic needs ((primary reinforcer)) bc obviously it doesn’t come quickly enough
“Punishment”
When stimulus is taken away or added (good taken, bad added) , AFTERMATH leads to behavior decreases (reinforcements can decrease behavior only LEADING up to)
Positive punishment would be if stimulus was added (rare- but maybe add some scary shit- deters behavior)
Reinforcement vs punishment
Punishment- the thing is taken or given
Reinforcement- the thing is implied to be taken or given (negative or positive)
Punishment doesnt let the person know what behavior they SHOULD do, just the one they shouldn’t
Negative reinforcements- removes thing which motivates behavior still) @@ this can also give dopamine _ you want the opposite of the thing more and more
Positive reinforcement- is the basis of addiction because you chase the dopamine (adds reinforcement)
Endorphin- painkiller
Schedule of reinforcement
Fixed interval- cramming study schedule
Variable interval- reinforced to get good pop quiz grade, but no cram studying, just consistent as you would when not expecting a big exam
Fixed ratio- consistent responding then small burst of responding when you get close to a reward
Variable ratio- LOTS of responding since you don’t know how many times to try before you get reward (slot machine)
Primary and secondary reinforcers
Some are more important (survival) than others
Primary reinforcers are for basic survival (biological learning/ adapting)
Unconditioned
A “used-to” occurrence, self-made reaction/ behavior
@@@Conditioned stimulus= thing that unconditioned has been now associated to (not-sued to in context) (it itself is not conditioned, it conditions) @@@
Combines with neutral to MAKE conditioned response and hence NS-> CS
Neutral stimulus
INITIALLY normal, but becomes conditioned stimulus _ it becomes associate unconditioned thing with it
Unconditioned stimulus= biological predisposition (unconditioned response)
* do they HAVE to be biological to beUR?
It by itself (no association) elicits reaction
!!! (Acquisition makes the association- repetition to really link the neutral to the unconditioned) (think biologically salivating at door)
!! Neutral- thing that gets paired with your innate e reaction (US, UR)
!!! So its not unconditioned stimulus, its gets influenced by US (more of a combination than influence)
Extinction
The dogs excitement for the light (neutral stim) dies back down to its original non association after stopping its exposure to the ** unconditioned and conditioned simultaneously
Classical conditioning in real world?
If we repeatedly exposed to two COREELATING things
Ads, taste aversions, phobias
Second order conditioning
When there are two conditioned things during acquisition -> the second (later) thing still gets CR even tho it wasn’t directly paired up with the unconditioned thing
Classical conditioning fun facts
Conditioned stimulus doesn’t have to be consistently the same (GENERALLY just a light, dont matter the color)
Spontaneous recovery- long while after extinction, conditioned stimulus comes back, CR will too randomly
Neuatral stimulus
BECOMES A conditioned stim
Food - unconditioned stim because it gives biological response (habituation- regularly salivating, nun new)
Neutral- bell - another “unconditioned” habituated response but not exactly since it doesn’t induce any biological reaction
Becomes conditioned when it starts producing the unconditioned reposed (“innate/ biological”), but actually not “innate” since its been associated
Combine with US - this eliciting biological reponse (UR), whcih rubs off on the NS right next to it (conditioning it)
NS starts imitating UR as PSYCHOLOGICAL responses now (CR) .
