Intro B Flashcards
what is entheses
deterioration of the tendon where it attaches to the bone
what is tendinopathy
bothtendon inflammation andsmall tears that sometimes develop intissue surrounding the tendon
2 types of tendon tears
partial or complete
sono signs of tear (5)
discontinuity of fibres focal thinning tendon hematoma bone fragments nonvisualization of retracted tendon
what is tendinosis
degeneration of the tendon’s collagen in response to chronic overuse without signs of inflammation
sono appearance of tendinosis
areas of decreased echo and tendon enlargement
what is enthesopathy
pathologic change of the insertion of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules on the bone
sono appearance of enthesopathy
swollen hypo echoic insertion
calcifications if chronic
bursitis
what is tendinitis
inflammation or irritation of a tendon
Sonoappearance of tendonitis
thickened tendon decreased echoes blurred margin increased colour flow calcification and deformed margins if chronic
what is tenosynovitis
pain andinflammationin a tendon sheath
What is acute tenosynovitis appearance
fluid in the sheath and internal echoes (debris
What is chronic tenosynovitis appearance
hypo echoic thickening of sheath and no fluid
symptoms of bursitis
localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area
normal bursa appearance
thin hypoechoic line no more than 1–2mm in height with hyperechoic boundaries reflective of a fluid tissue interface
acute bursitis appearance
sonolucent fluid filled collection with poorly defined margins
chronic bursitis appearance
complex, internal debris, increased colour flow in thickened wall
what is arthritis
inflammation of one or more joints
what is rheumatoid arthritis
chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease mainly affecting peripheral synovial joints
can affect heart, blood vessel and skin too
what is associated with accelerated rheumatoid arthritis
high level of rheumatoid factor in the body fluids
what joints are most commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis
hands and feet
rheumatoid arthritis leads to growth of what tissue and what is the result of this
growth of inflammatory granulation tissue, pannus, distorts the joint and destroys articular cartilage, exposing the bone below and causing further damage. Fibrosis of the pannus reduces joint mobility
agressive rheumatoid arthritis leads to growth of nodules called
rheumatoid nodules
what is osteoarthritis
degenerative non-inflammatory disease that results in pain and restricted movement of affected joints
cartilage becomes thinner and bones come in contact
who is osteoarthritis most common in
majority over 65s showing some form of it
osteoarthritis leads to what
abnormal outgrowth of cartilage at the edges of bones becomes ossified, formingosteophytes.
osteoarthritis affects what type of joints
affects large weight-bearing joints, (hips, knees etc)
what tissue is affected by osteoarthritis
articular cartilage
what tissue is affected by rheumatoid arthritis
synovial membrane
what is gout caused by
deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints and tendons, provoking an acute inflammatory response
primary gout associated with
reduced ability to excrete urate or increased urate production
does gout usually affect by joints?
no , only one (mono arthritis)
what joints are most commonly affected by gout
metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe and the ankle, knee, wrist and elbow joints
sono appearance of effusions
black collections of fluid within the joint space
presence of irregular internal echoes or material may indicate pus, fibrinous material, or a complicated effusion
What is osteomyelitis
bacterial infection of bone often from a blood born infection entering surgery sit or fracture
benign tumors of cartilage tend to
undergo malignant change
giant cell tumour appearance
varied appearance, increased vast, posterior enhancement
what is osteochondroma
part of thegrowth platewhich separates and continues growing independently, without an associated epiphysis, usually away from the nearby capped byhyaline cartilage
what percent of bone tumours does osteochondroma account for
10-15%
appearance of osteochrondroma cartilage cap
hypoechoic region bounded by bone on its deep surface and muscle / fat superficially
Chondrosarcoma occurs in what age group
40-70 years
appearance of fracture
appear as a sharp discontinuity of the bright line of boney cortex.
Sometimes hypoechoic hematoma/effusion of the immediately surrounding soft tissue is visible as well
