foot ankle pathology

Question 1

what is mortons neuroma

Answer 1

thickening of the tissue that surrounds the digital nerve that leads from the ball of the foot between the third and fourth toes.

Question 2

symptoms of mortons neuroma

Answer 2

Tingling, numbness or an unpleasant feeling in the toes.
• Burning pain in the ball of the foot that may radiate into the toes and intensifies with activity.
• The feeling that something is inside the ball of the foot.
• The feeling that a pebble or marble is in the shoe or a sock is bunched up.

Question 3

what is fibromatosis

Answer 3

fusiform nodular thickenings of the plantar fascia in the mid foot.

Question 4

presentation of plantar fibromatosis

Answer 4

Patients will usually present with one or more palpable lumps or thickenings in the arch of their foot.

Question 5

symptoms of plantar fibroomatosis

Answer 5

Not usually painful but may be symptomatic due to physical discomfort.

Question 6

what is the plantar fascia

Answer 6

tendinous aponeurosis structure

Question 7

plantar fascia supports

Answer 7

longitudinal archs of the foot

Question 8

plantar fascia protects

Answer 8

neurovascular structures and tendons from lesions

Question 9

plantar fascia originates where

Answer 9

posterior to the calcaneus in five bands that separate to involve the digital tendons

Question 10

plantar fascia insertion

Answer 10

proximal insertion, near the medial tubercle of the calcaneal tuberosity is evaluated

Question 11

plantar fascia is normal_______ thick

Answer 11

3-4 mm

Question 12

what is plantar fascitis

Answer 12

painful foot conidtion caused by inflammation of insertion of the plantar fascia on the medial process of calcaneal tuberosity

Question 13

plantar fascitis symptoms

Answer 13

pain, swelling, warmth of affected are, redness of the adjacent skin

Question 14

achilles tendon involves

Answer 14

plantar flexion of the ankle

Question 15

achilles tendon transverse measure and length

Answer 15

maximum of 5-6 mm in transverse dimension (in normal conditions) and 12-15 cm in length

Question 16

largest and strongest tendon in body

Answer 16

achilles tendon

Question 17

how does the achilles tendon course

Answer 17

vertically downwards from its gastrocnemius and soleus origin to reach the posterior of the calcaneus, where it inserts

Question 18

achilles tendon is the only tendon in the ankle to not have

Answer 18

a synovial sheath

Question 19

achilles tendon has

Answer 19

peritendinous envelope

Question 20

achilles tendon examined from _______ to _____

Answer 20

examined from its myotendinous junction to the calcanear insertion

Question 21

should fluid be seen around this tendon in normal condition

Answer 21

no, any fluid is pathological

Question 22

appearance of partial tendon tear

Answer 22

there is often enlargement of the tendon ( >1 cm) with abnormally hypoechoic or anechoic areas within which correspond to the tear and associated adjacent tendinosis

Question 23

appearance for full thickness tears

Answer 23

often shows separation of the torn ends with a contour change of the tendon
there is acoustic shadowing at the margins of the tear from sound beam refraction, and adjacent hypoechoic tendinosis

Question 24

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome

Answer 24

compression, or squeezing, on the posterior tibial nerve that produces symptoms anywhere along the path of the nerve running from the inside of the ankle into the foot.

Question 25

what is Os trigonum

Answer 25

extra (accessory) bone that sometimes develops behind that ankle bone

Question 26

Os trigonum connected to the talus by

Answer 26

fibrous band

Question 27

presence of an os trigonum in one or both feet is

Answer 27

congenital

Question 28

Os trigonum syndrome caused by

Answer 28

repeated downward pointing of the toes -ballet dancers, soccer players

Question 29

Os trigonum syndrome refferd to as

Answer 29

“nutcracker injury.”

Question 30

what is happening in Os trigonum syndrome

Answer 30

os trigonum is crunched between the ankle and heel bones.

os trigonum pulls loose, the tissue connecting it to the talus is stretched or torn - area becomes inflamed

Question 31

5 risk factors of plantar fascitis

Answer 31

obesity/weight gain 
large arch 
tightness of achilles
long distnace running
shoes with poor arch support