Integumentry System

Question 1

What are the functions of skin? (9)

Answer 1

• barrier
• immunologic
• temperature regulation
• protection from radiation
• nerve sensation
• injury repair
• Appearance & quality of life
• excretion
• vitamin d synthesis

Question 2

What is a negative feed back loop & how is it used in thermoregulation?

Answer 2

Starts with stimulus (Body temp increases)
Receptors detect body temp increase
Control signal receives signals from receptors
Effect/response occurs

Question 3

How is vitamin D synthesized?

Answer 3

• UV radiation stimulates conversion to cholecalciferol
• cholecalciferol is released into blood
• cholecalciferol is then modified in the liver
• then is it is modified in the kidney to calcitriol (active vitamin D)

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system?

Answer 4

The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis

Question 5

What is the epidermis?

Answer 5

The outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

What are the 5 layers that can be found in the epidermis?

Answer 6

Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum*
Stratum corneum

Question 7

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 7

Thick skin has 5 layers

Thin skin has 4 layers and is missing the stratum lucidum

Question 8

The epidermis is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which is also known as…..

Answer 8

Keratinocytes

Question 9

What 4 cells are found in the epidermis?

Answer 9

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells (langerhans cells)
Tactile epithelial cells (merkle cells)

Question 10

A blister would occur where?

Answer 10

It would start at the week point which is the epidermal-dermal junction

Question 11

What is the dermis?

Answer 11

The dermis is a highly vascular layer deep to the epidermis

Question 12

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 12

Papillary layer (stratum papillarosum)
Reticular layer (Stratum reticularosum)

Question 13

What is the papillary layer?

Answer 13

A superficial region that meets with the epidermis,
contains capillaries that allow for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients into the extracelluar fluid of the dermis and then into the avascular epidermis

Have papillae which form ridges in skin

Question 14

What are tactile (Meissner) corpuscles? What do they do & where are they located

Answer 14

They are sensory receptors
Respond to light touch stimuli
Located in the dermis ( the papillary level)

Question 15

What is the stratum reticularosum?

What else is it also known as (Common name)
Where is it found?
What’s it made of?

Answer 15

The reticular layer

Is the deeper thicker layer in the dermis

Made mostly of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 16

What is the difference between lamellated corpuscles and tactile corpuscles?

Answer 16

Lamellated corpuscles are found in the reticular layer & respond to changes in pressure and vibration

Tactile corpuscles are found in the papillary layer & they respond to light touch stimuli

Question 17

The hypodermis is largely comprised of…:

Answer 17

Loose connective tissue

Adipocytes

Question 18

Burns were formerly categorized as 1st,2nd, & 3rd degree burns, now burns are categorized in this way:

Answer 18

• superficial
  - > just the epidermis, red mark, dry wound no scaring
• superficial-partial thickness
  - > between dermis & epidermis, wet and painful, blister ‘
• deep partial thickness
  - > deeper into dermis, wet or waxy, causes scarring
• full thickness
  - > burns through all layers of dermis, needs surgery
• extension to deep tissues
  - > deep, life threatening, involves muscle and/or underlying soft tissue

Question 19

What is the rule of 9s used for?

Answer 19

The rule of nines is used to estimate burn size

The severity and extent of burns are used to direct treatment options

Question 20

The main components of the skin are:

A) epidermis

B) epidermis and dermis

C) epidermis, dermis & hypodermis

D) dermis and hypodermis

Answer 20

B) epidermis and dermis

Question 21

Which of the following is not a function of the skin

A) vitamin A synthesis

B) sensation

C) protection

D) thermoregulation

Answer 21

A) vitamin A synthesis

Question 22

Name the strata of THICK skin epidermis from deepest (1) to most superficial (5)

______ stratum spinosum

______ stratum corneum

______ stratum basale

______ stratum luciderm

______ stratum granulosm

Answer 22

2- stratum spinosum

5- stratum corneum

1- stratum basale

4- stratum luciderm

5- stratum granulosm

Question 23

How do you melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?

A) Keratinocytes maintain the proper PH for melanocytes to synthesize melanin granules

B) Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis

C). Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperatures of the melanin will not denature

D)Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocytes DNA

Answer 23

D)Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocytes DNA

Question 24

True or false statements:

1. Melanocytes account for the bulk of the epidermis
2. Keratinocytes begin life in the stratum corneum and gradually are pushed into the stratum basale
3. Dendritic cells are phagocytes of the immune system that protect the skin and deeper tissues from invasion by pathogens
4. Merkel cells produce the pigment melanin

Answer 24

1. False, keratinocytes account for the bulk of the epidermis

2 false, keratinocytes begin life in stratum basale

3 true

4 false, melanocytes produce the pigment melanin

Question 25

a Callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus A) stratum Spinosum B) stratum corneum C) stratum basale D) stratum luciderm

Answer 25

B) stratum corneum

Question 26

What’s the difference in function and location between Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles?

Answer 26

Meissner corpuscles are located in the dermal papillae and respond to light touch stimuli Pacinian corpuscles are located in the reticular dermis and respond to deep pressure changes and vibrations to the skin

Question 27

A blister is produced when fluid collects: A)in the dermis B)in the upper dermis C)between the dermis and the epidermis D)deep within the dermis

Answer 27

C)between the dermis and the epidermis

Question 28

Mark the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct it with the true statement. A) The primary skin pigment is melanin, which is derived from the amino acid tyrosine B) melanin is produced by melanocytes and covers the nuclei of the neighbouring dendritic cells C) Carotene it’s a brown-black pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum D)Increased amounts of blood flowing through the dermis lead to pallor in the skin E) The pigment hemoglobin in red blood cells give skin a pinkish hue when it binds high amounts of oxygen

Answer 28

A) true B) false, melanin is produced by melanocytes but it covers the nuclei of nearby keratinocytes C) false, carotene is a yellowish-orangey pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum D) false, decreased amounts of blood flowing through the dermis lead to pallor in the skin E) true

Question 29

What is the most superficial layer of a strand of hair? A) epidermal root sheath B) dermal root sheath C) soft keratin D) cuticle

Answer 29

D) cuticle

Question 30

# Fill in the blanks: The portion of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin is the _______, and the portion within the dermis is the _______, which is in bedded in a(n) _______. The portion of the hair that contains cells that undergo mitosis during the growth stage of the hair is known as _______.

Answer 30

Hair shaft Hair root Hair follicle Matrix

Question 31

Nail growth occurs when: A) cells in the nail plate undergo mitosis B) cells in the nail matrix undergo mitosis C) cells in the eponychium undergo mitosis D) cells in the medial and lateral nail folds undergo mitosis

Answer 31

B) cells in the nail matrix undergo mitosis

Question 32

# Fill in the blanks: Sebaceous glands secrete by _____ secretion Sweat glands secrete by _______ secretion

Answer 32

Holocrine Merocrine

Question 33

Match each type of sweat gland with its correct properties ____ eccrine sweat gland ____ sebaceous gland ____ ceruminous gland ____ mammary gland ____ apocrine sweat gland A) branched gland that secretes sebum into a hair follicle B) gland that secretes a protein-rich sweat into a hair follicle C) simple coiled tubular gland found over most of the body that secretes sweat through a sweat pore D) glands that secrete ear wax E) modified sweat gland that produces milk

Answer 33

C- eccrine sweat gland A- sebaceous gland B- ceruminous gland E- mammary gland D- apocrine sweat gland

Question 34

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from: A) Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum B) Keratinocytes in the stratum basale C) keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum D) Melanocytes

Answer 34

C) keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum