Integumentry System Flashcards
What are the functions of skin? (9)
- barrier
- immunologic
- temperature regulation
- protection from radiation
- nerve sensation
- injury repair
- Appearance & quality of life
- excretion
- vitamin d synthesis
What is a negative feed back loop & how is it used in thermoregulation?
Starts with stimulus (Body temp increases)
Receptors detect body temp increase
Control signal receives signals from receptors
Effect/response occurs
How is vitamin D synthesized?
- UV radiation stimulates conversion to cholecalciferol
- cholecalciferol is released into blood
- cholecalciferol is then modified in the liver
- then is it is modified in the kidney to calcitriol (active vitamin D)
What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system?
The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis
What is the epidermis?
The outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium
What are the 5 layers that can be found in the epidermis?
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum* Stratum corneum
What is the difference between thick and thin skin?
Thick skin has 5 layers
Thin skin has 4 layers and is missing the stratum lucidum
The epidermis is made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which is also known as…..
Keratinocytes
What 4 cells are found in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells (langerhans cells)
Tactile epithelial cells (merkle cells)
A blister would occur where?
It would start at the week point which is the epidermal-dermal junction
What is the dermis?
The dermis is a highly vascular layer deep to the epidermis
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary layer (stratum papillarosum) Reticular layer (Stratum reticularosum)
What is the papillary layer?
A superficial region that meets with the epidermis,
contains capillaries that allow for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients into the extracelluar fluid of the dermis and then into the avascular epidermis
Have papillae which form ridges in skin
What are tactile (Meissner) corpuscles? What do they do & where are they located
They are sensory receptors
Respond to light touch stimuli
Located in the dermis ( the papillary level)
What is the stratum reticularosum?
What else is it also known as (Common name)
Where is it found?
What’s it made of?
The reticular layer
Is the deeper thicker layer in the dermis
Made mostly of dense irregular connective tissue
What is the difference between lamellated corpuscles and tactile corpuscles?
Lamellated corpuscles are found in the reticular layer & respond to changes in pressure and vibration
Tactile corpuscles are found in the papillary layer & they respond to light touch stimuli
The hypodermis is largely comprised of…:
Loose connective tissue
Adipocytes
Burns were formerly categorized as 1st,2nd, & 3rd degree burns, now burns are categorized in this way:
- superficial
- > just the epidermis, red mark, dry wound no scaring - superficial-partial thickness
- > between dermis & epidermis, wet and painful, blister ‘ - deep partial thickness
- > deeper into dermis, wet or waxy, causes scarring - full thickness
- > burns through all layers of dermis, needs surgery - extension to deep tissues
- > deep, life threatening, involves muscle and/or underlying soft tissue
What is the rule of 9s used for?
The rule of nines is used to estimate burn size
The severity and extent of burns are used to direct treatment options
The main components of the skin are:
A) epidermis
B) epidermis and dermis
C) epidermis, dermis & hypodermis
D) dermis and hypodermis
B) epidermis and dermis
Which of the following is not a function of the skin
A) vitamin A synthesis
B) sensation
C) protection
D) thermoregulation
A) vitamin A synthesis
Name the strata of THICK skin epidermis from deepest (1) to most superficial (5)
______ stratum spinosum
______ stratum corneum
______ stratum basale
______ stratum luciderm
______ stratum granulosm
2- stratum spinosum
5- stratum corneum
1- stratum basale
4- stratum luciderm
5- stratum granulosm
How do you melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage?
A) Keratinocytes maintain the proper PH for melanocytes to synthesize melanin granules
B) Keratinocytes provide the melanocyte with nutrients critical for melanin synthesis
C). Keratinocytes maintain the appropriate temperatures of the melanin will not denature
D)Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocytes DNA
D)Keratinocytes accumulate melanin granules to shield the keratinocytes DNA
True or false statements:
- Melanocytes account for the bulk of the epidermis
- Keratinocytes begin life in the stratum corneum and gradually are pushed into the stratum basale
- Dendritic cells are phagocytes of the immune system that protect the skin and deeper tissues from invasion by pathogens
- Merkel cells produce the pigment melanin
- False, keratinocytes account for the bulk of the epidermis
2 false, keratinocytes begin life in stratum basale
3 true
4 false, melanocytes produce the pigment melanin
a Callus may develop when both thin and thick skin are subjected to repeated pressure. Which layer of the epidermis develops the callus
A) stratum Spinosum
B) stratum corneum
C) stratum basale
D) stratum luciderm
B) stratum corneum
What’s the difference in function and location between Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles?
Meissner corpuscles are located in the dermal papillae and respond to light touch stimuli
Pacinian corpuscles are located in the reticular dermis and respond to deep pressure changes and vibrations to the skin
A blister is produced when fluid collects:
A)in the dermis
B)in the upper dermis
C)between the dermis and the epidermis
D)deep within the dermis
C)between the dermis and the epidermis
Mark the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, correct it with the true statement.
A) The primary skin pigment is melanin, which is derived from the amino acid tyrosine
B) melanin is produced by melanocytes and covers the nuclei of the neighbouring dendritic cells
C) Carotene it’s a brown-black pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum
D)Increased amounts of blood flowing through the dermis lead to pallor in the skin
E) The pigment hemoglobin in red blood cells give skin a pinkish hue when it binds high amounts of oxygen
A) true
B) false, melanin is produced by melanocytes but it covers the nuclei of nearby keratinocytes
C) false, carotene is a yellowish-orangey pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum
D) false, decreased amounts of blood flowing through the dermis lead to pallor in the skin
E) true
What is the most superficial layer of a strand of hair?
A) epidermal root sheath
B) dermal root sheath
C) soft keratin
D) cuticle
D) cuticle
Fill in the blanks:
The portion of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin is the _______, and the portion within the dermis is the _______, which is in bedded in a(n) _______. The portion of the hair that contains cells that undergo mitosis during the growth stage of the hair is known as _______.
Hair shaft
Hair root
Hair follicle
Matrix
Nail growth occurs when:
A) cells in the nail plate undergo mitosis
B) cells in the nail matrix undergo mitosis
C) cells in the eponychium undergo mitosis
D) cells in the medial and lateral nail folds undergo mitosis
B) cells in the nail matrix undergo mitosis
Fill in the blanks:
Sebaceous glands secrete by _____ secretion
Sweat glands secrete by _______ secretion
Holocrine
Merocrine
Match each type of sweat gland with its correct properties
____ eccrine sweat gland
____ sebaceous gland
____ ceruminous gland
____ mammary gland
____ apocrine sweat gland
A) branched gland that secretes sebum into a hair follicle
B) gland that secretes a protein-rich sweat into a hair follicle
C) simple coiled tubular gland found over most of the body that secretes sweat through a sweat pore
D) glands that secrete ear wax
E) modified sweat gland that produces milk
C- eccrine sweat gland
A- sebaceous gland
B- ceruminous gland
E- mammary gland
D- apocrine sweat gland
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from:
A) Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum
B) Keratinocytes in the stratum basale
C) keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
D) Melanocytes
C) keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
