CNS Flashcards
This part of the CNS responsible for our higher mental functions, includes learning, memory, personality, cognition, language, and conscience.
It also plays a major role in sensation and movement
Cerebrum
The _________ consists of four distinct structural parts and is responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to various parts of the brain; maintaining homeostasis of various physiological variables; regulation of movement; biological rhythms
Diencephalon
The posterior and inferior portion of the brain & is composed of left and right hemispheres like the cerebrum. This part of the brain functions importantly in the planning and coordination of movement, particularly in complex activities like playing an instrument or sport
Cerebellum
The _____ is the oldest part of the brain from an evolutionary standpoint, it connects the brain and spinal cord and functions include control of basic involuntary processes such as rate and depth of breathing, mediating certain reflexes, monitoring movement, and integrating and relaying information to other parts of the brain
Brainstem
White matter is made up of myelinated axons while grey matter is made up of neuron cell bodies, _______ , and _________ axons
Where is each located in the brain
Grey matter is made up by: neuron cell body’s, Dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Grey matter is located in the cerebrums outer few millimeters and is also scattered throughout its deeper portions, the remained of the cerebrum is white matter
Each lobe of the cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called ______, that receive input from and send output to the different clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral gray matter, called ______. This communication connects the different parts of the brain and the spinal cord
Tracts
Nuclei
In which division of the brain might an injury cause changes in personality?
A) cerebrum
B) diencephalon
C) cerebellum
D) brainstem
A) cerebrum, damage hear, specifically the frontal lobe could lead to changes in personality
What is the main function of the CNS
A) sensory
B) integrative
C) motor
D) all of the above
B) integrative
What is the main function of the PNS
A) sensory
B) integrative
C) motor
D) all of the above
A) sensory & C) motor
The ______ & _____ are superficial grooves and ridges that help to increase the surface area of the cerebrum
_____ are deep grooves
Sulci (shallow groove) & gyrus/gyri (elevated ridges between sulci)
Fissures are deep grooves
The ______ _____ plays a vital role in inhibiting involuntary movement and initiating voluntary movement
Basal nuclei
Inhibits involuntary movement-> globus pallidus
Initiates voluntary movement—> corpus striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen) inhibit the inhibitor (globus pallidus)
What is white matter In the Cerebrum? Sata
A) cerebral cortex
B) association fibres
C) Caudate nucleus
D) commissural fibres
E) projection fibres
F) putamen
G) globus pallidus
association fibres
commissural fibres
Projection fibres
What are the names of the paired structures found in the basal nuclei? (SATA)
A) cerebral cortex
B) fornix
C) Caudate nucleus
D) limbic lobe (cingulate gyri & parahippocampal gyrus)
E) hippocampus
F) putamen
G) globus pallidus
H) amygdala
The basal nuclei is made up by:
Corpus striatum = F) putamen & C) Caudate nucleus (inhibits the inhibitor)
And the G) globus pallidus (inhibitor)
Basal nuclei works to inhibit involuntary movement and initating voluntary movement
What structures make up the limbic system? (SATA)
A) cerebral cortex
B) fornix
C) Caudate nucleus
D) limbic lobe (cingulate gyri & parahippocampal gyrus)
E) hippocampus
F) putamen
G) globus pallidus
H) amygdala
Fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, limbic lobe (2 parts)
What are the four structural parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus (80% of it)
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
What is the function & related structure of the thalamus
Receive input from many sources, output to cerebral cortex acting as ‘main entrance’
Regulates cortical activity and plays a role in many processes
Third ventricle
What is the function of the hypothalamus? What gland does it connect with?
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS)-> sleep/wake cycle, thirst, hunger & body temperature
Secretes a variety of hormones
Connects to pituitary gland via Infundibulum
Which component of the diencephalon preforms each of the following functions?
A) Controls body temperature, thirst, and hunger.
B) Integrates emotion, memory, and sensory stimuli and sends them to association areas of the cerebral cortex
C) produces the hormone melatonin.
D) Works with the basal nuclei to monitor and control movement.
E) Controls the ANS and parts of the endocrine system.
F) Determines which stimuli reach the cerebral cortex.
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) Epithalmus-> controls pineal gland which secretes melatonin
D) subthalamus-> connected to basal nuclei to help with control of movement
E) hypothalamus
F) thalamus
While the cerebrum has sulci (grooves) & Gyrus (ridges), the cerebellum has sulci (grooves) & ______ (ridges)
Folia
The cerebellum connects to the ______ through the _______
Brainstem; foreman magnum
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Functions with the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord to coordinate outgoing movement and reduce MOTOR ERROR
What are the 3 subdivisions of the brainstem?
Superior Midbrain, middle pons, inferior medulla oblongata
What are the major functions of the brainstem?
Control of basic functions (heart rate, breathing rhythm) movement, sensation, alertness, mediation of reflexes
Homeostasis of vital functions is largely maintained by the ____ which is controlled by the CNS
ANS autonomic nervous system
What is the difference between broccas area and wernickes area?
Broccas—> in frontal lobe-> production of language
Wernickes—> I’m temporal lobe—> understanding language
Explain broccas aphasia and wernickes aphasia
Broccas—>. Inability to produce speech
Wernickes—> can form sentences but they don’t make sense and they don’t realize it doesn’t make sense
Emotion is made up of what 3 phenomena
Visceral motor response (blushing, racing HR (hypothalamus)
Somatic motor responses (smiling, laughing, frowning,crying)
Feelings-> involves amygdala receiving, analyzing and creating associations between different sensory stimuli from various sources
What 3 features shield the brain Inside the skull?
CSF, Blood brain barrier, Cranial meninges (set of 3 membranes)
Explain the structure of the cranial meninges
Skull-> Epidural space-> dura mater** -> subdural space-> arachnoid mater -> subarachnoid space-> pia mater
Dura mater-> has two layers-> periosteal dura & meningeal dura
The outer _______ ______ is attached to the inner surface of the bones of the cranial cavity; it functions as the periosteum of those bones and has an extensive blood supply that resides in the epidural space
Periosteal dura
The _______ ____ is the inner, avascular layer that lies superficial to the arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura
Where is cerebrospinal fluid made? by what?
Formed within the ventricles, most by choroid plexuses and some ependymal cells
Spinal fluid circulates in which spot
A) epidural space
B) subdural space
C) subarachnoid space
C) subarachnoid space
What are two main functions of the spinal cord?
Relay station between body and brain & processing station for less complex activity’s
What’s the big difference between the meninges in the spinal cord and the meninges in brain?
The dura mater layer In the spinal cord consists of only one layer not two, it lacks the periosteal layer and only has the meningeal layer.
What part(s) of the brain contain the pyramids where the corticospinal tracts decussate
Thalamus and medulla oblongata
portion of the limbic system involved in emotion
Amygdala
Regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep wake cycle
Hypothalamus
Consists of three lobes and coordinates movement
Cerebellum
Portion of the limbic system involved in emotion
Hippocampus
Middle portion of the brain stem; plays a role in movement, sleep and arousal
Pons
First component of the brainstem; participates in reflexes, sensation and movement
Midbrain
What structure helps in the reabsorbtion of CSF
Choroid plexus
What part of the brain is responsible for cognition
A) cerebral cortex
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) reticular formation
A) cerebral cortex
Which of the following is not a component of emotion
A) visceral motor response mediated by hypothalamus
B) somatic motor responses mediated by the limbic system and hypothalamus
C) somatic motor responses mediated by the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts
D) subjective feelings mediated by the amygdala and the cerebral cortex
C) somatic motor responses mediated by the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts
