Integumentary System Flashcards
What are the two major parts of the integumentary system?
- Cutaneous membrane (skin)
- Accessory structures
What two parts make up the cutaneous membrane?
- Outer epidermis
- Inner dermis
What three parts make up the accessory structures?
- Hair and hair follicles
- Exocrine glands
- Nails
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ____________
Hypodermis
What are the first FIVE functions of the integument?
- Protection of underlying tissues and organs
- Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
- Maintenance of normal body temperature
- Production of melanin
- Production of keratin
What are the last FOUR functions of the integument?
- Synthesis of vitamin D3
- Storage of lipids
- Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc.
- Coordination of the immune response
What type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the orientation for all epithelial tissue?
Basal membrane
What are the body’s most abundant epithelial cells?
Keratinocytes
Thin skin has how many layers of keratinocytes?
Four layer
Thick skin has how many layers of keratinocytes?
Five layers
What are the five layers of keratinocytes in thick skin?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
Out of the five layers (strata) of keratinocytes, which one is the deepest?
Stratum basale
Out of the five layers (strata) of keratinocytes, which one is the most superficial?
Stratum corneum
Which stratum (layer) has multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes and is water resistant?
Stratum corneum
Which stratum (layer) has keratinocytes which produces keratin and is where cells die?
Stratum granulosum
Which stratum (layer) is attached to the basement membrane and contains basal cells and melanocytes?
Stratum basale
Stratum _______ contains epidermal ridges and has many basal cells
Basale
_______________ in the stratum basale contains the pigment melanin
Melanocytes
The division of cells in the stratum basale leads to the creation of what layer?
Stratum spinosum
Cells of the stratum spinosum produces what layer where most cells stop dividing and produce keratin?
Stratum granulosum
There is a range of how many layers of keratinized cells in the stratum corneum?
15-30 layers
How many days does it take for new cells to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
7 to 10 days
What are the two ways in which water is lost from skin?
- Insensible perspiration
- Sensible perspiration
What happens in insensible perspiration?
Water diffuses across stratum corneum and evaporates from skin
What happens to the rate of evaporation if the stratum corneum is damaged?
Rate increases
What happens in sensible perspiration?
Water is excreted by sweat glands
The dermis anchors ______________________________
Epidermal accessory structures
When it comes to dermal strength and elasticity, _________ fibers can resist stretching and limit flexibility
Collagen
_________ fibers permit stretching and then recoil
Elastic
Fibers and water provide flexibility and resilience known as _________________
Skin turgor
Parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis produce ____________________
Tension lines
The subcutaneous layer consists primarily of _________ tissue
Adipose
Skin color is influenced by what two pigments in the epidermis?
Melanin and Carotene
______(1)______ is a red-yellow or brown-black pigment, is produced by ______(2)_______, and protects from ____(3)____ radiation
1) melanin
2) melanocytes
3) UV
______(1)_____ is an orange-yellow pigment and can be converted to vitamin ____(2)____
1) Carotene
2) A
Vitamin A in carotene is required for the maintenance of _______(1)_______ and for the synthesis of ____________(2)______________ in ______(3)_______
1) epithelia
2) photoreceptor pigments
3) eye
Hair is located in the _________ but projects to the skin surface
Dermis
What are the three functions of hair?
- Protect and insulate
- Guard openings from particles & insects
- Serve as sensory receptors
What are the three functions of sebaceous glands?
- Discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
- Lubricates and protects hair shaft
- Inhibits growth of bacteria
What are the two types of sweat glands?
- Apocrine sweat glands
- Eccrine sweat glands
What glands produce milk?
Mammary glands
What glands produce cerumen (earwax)?
Ceruminous glands
When repairing the integument, what cells trigger an inflammatory response?
Mast cells
What stabilizes and protects the damaged area of the integument?
Scab (dried blood clot)
What cleans the damaged area of the integument?
Macrophages
Fibroblasts and endothelial cells divide, producing _____________________
Granulation tissue
What are the four phases in repairing an injury to the integument?
- Inflammation
- Migration
- Proliferation
- Scarring
Once noncellular scar tissue is is produced, a raised _________ may form
Keloid
