Chemistry Flashcards
Chemistry
Science that deals with the structure of matter which includes the structure of atoms, basic chemical building blocks and how atoms combine to form increasingly complex structures
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass and is made up of atoms
Atoms
Make up matter in which they join together to form chemicals with different characteristics, chemical characteristics determine physiology at molecular and cellular levels
Subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons
Positive charge, 1 mass unit
Neutrons
Neutral, 1 mass unit
Electrons
Negative charge, low mass
Atomic number
Is the number of protons
Nucleus
Contains protons and neutrons
Principles elements in the body
O, C, H, N, Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, Mg, S, Fe, I
Chemical bonds form
molecules and compounds
Molecule
Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
Compound
Two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
Chemical bonds involve…
Sharing, gaining, and losing electrons
3 types of chemical bonds
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Ion
An atom with an electron charge
Ionic bonds consist of…
The electron donor and acceptor
Electron donor
Loses one or more electrons and become a cation
Electron acceptor
Gains those same electrons and becomes an anion
Ionic bonds are attractions between what?
Cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)
Covalent bonds
Strong bonds involving shared electrons
Single covalent bond
Sharing one pair of electrons
Double covalent bond
Sharing two pairs of electrons
Triple covalent bond
Sharing three pairs of electrons
Hydrogen bonds
Weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical attractions, involve attractions between a slight positive charge and a slight negative charge, hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules cause surface tension, MRIs (hydrogen has high magnetic susceptibility)
Organic molecules
Contain C, H, O;
Are covalently bonded;
Contain functional groups that determine their chemistry;
Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Includes monosaccharides which are simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides
Examples of disaccharides
sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides
Polymers of many sugars
Examples of polysaccharides
glycogen, starch, cellulose
Structure of Glucose
Contains six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group
Structure of Glycogen
Linear chains of glucose residues
Lipids
Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes
Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Lipids include…
Fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids and glycolipids
Fatty acids
May be saturated with hydrogen, no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail, unsaturated (one or more double bonds in tail)
Monounsaturated= one double bond
Polyunsaturated= two or more double bonds
Fatty acids can either be…
Saturated (has single covalent bonds only) or unsaturated (has one or more double covalent bonds). The presence of a double bond causes a sharp bend in the molecule.
Glycerides
Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Monoglyceride
Glycerol plus one fatty acid
Diglyceride
Glycerol plus two fatty acids
Triglycerides
Glycerol plus three fatty acids; also called triacylglycerols or neutral fats
