Cells, Organelles, Cytoplasm, and Membrane Transport

Question 1

What is the study of the cellular structure and function?

Answer 1

Cytology

Question 2

What separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?

Answer 2

Plasma/cell membrane

Question 3

What are the five functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 3

• Physical Isolation/Barrier
• Regulation of exchange w/in environment
• Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
• Sensitivity to environment
• Structural support

Question 4

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 4

A barrier to ions and water (soluble compounds)

Question 5

What do receptor proteins do?

Answer 5

Bind and respond to ligands

Question 6

What do carrier proteins do?

Answer 6

Transport specific solutes through membrane

Question 7

What do channels do?

Answer 7

Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

Question 8

What two parts make up the cytoplasm?

Answer 8

Cytosol and Organelles

Question 9

Cytosol contains dissolved materials and a high concentration of ____(1)____ and low concentration of ______(2)______ on the inside

Answer 9

1) Potassium
2) Sodium

Question 10

The cytoskeleton are structural proteins for what purpose?

Answer 10

Shape and strength

Question 11

What are the four functions of the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

• Durable (collagen)
• Strengthen cell and maintain shape
• Stabilize organelles
• Stabilize cell position

Question 12

What type of tissue is cilia in the trachea?

Answer 12

Columnar epithelial

Question 13

Ribosomes build polypeptides in __________________

Answer 13

Protein synthesis

Question 14

Free ribosomes are located in the _______(1)_______ and manufacture proteins for _________(2)________

Answer 14

1) cytoplasm
2) cell

Question 15

Fixed ribosomes are attached to the __________(1)_________ and manufacture proteins for _________(2)_________

Answer 15

1) ER
2) secretion

Question 16

_____________ are storage chambers within membranes of the ER

Answer 16

Cisternae

Question 17

What are the four functions of the ER? (only give the four single words)

Answer 17

1) Synthesis
2) Storage
3) Transport
4) Detoxification

Question 18

What does the smooth ER do?

Answer 18

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

Question 19

What are the two functions of the rough ER?

Answer 19

• Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
• Encloses products in transport vesicles

Question 20

What are the three functions of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 20

• Modifies and packages secretions
• Renews or modifies the plasma membrane
• Packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm

Question 21

What are the two functions of lysosomes?

Answer 21

• Clean up inside cells
• Autolysis

Question 22

______________ are enzyme-containing vesicles and produce hydrogen peroxide

Answer 22

Peroxisomes

Question 23

_____________ produces the energy molecule ATP

Answer 23

Mitochondria

Question 24

In diffusion and osmosis, ____________ is the driving force for lots of cellular reactions

Answer 24

Concentration gradient

Question 25

What five factors influence diffusion?

Answer 25

- Distance - Molecule Size - Temperature - Concentration Gradient - Electrical Forces

Question 26

__________ is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Answer 26

Osmosis

Question 27

What happens to volume on the side with more solutes?

Answer 27

Volume increases

Question 28

In osmosis, the membrane must be ___(1)____ permeable to water, and ______(2)______ permeable to solutes

Answer 28

1) freely 2) selectively

Question 29

What type of pressure equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis?

Answer 29

Osmotic pressure

Question 30

If a concentration of solutes is equal on both the inside and outside of the cell, then it is _________

Answer 30

Isotonic

Question 31

If a concentration of solutes is greater on the outside of the cell compared to inside, then it is __________

Answer 31

Hypotonic

Question 32

If a concentration of solutes is greater on the inside of the cell compared to outside, then it is ___________

Answer 32

Hypertonic

Question 33

What are the three types of membrane transport?

Answer 33

- Diffusion - Carrier-mediated transport - Vesicular transport

Question 34

Active transport requires what molecule?

Answer 34

ATP

Question 35

What two items travel through simple diffusion?

Answer 35

- Lipid-soluble compounds - Dissolved gases

Question 36

What travels through channel-mediated diffusion?

Answer 36

- Water-soluble compounds and ions

Question 37

What process engulfs large objects in phagosomes?

Answer 37

Phagocytosis