Cells, Organelles, Cytoplasm, and Membrane Transport Flashcards
What is the study of the cellular structure and function?
Cytology
What separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid?
Plasma/cell membrane
What are the five functions of the plasma membrane?
- Physical Isolation/Barrier
- Regulation of exchange w/in environment
- Wastes eliminated and cellular products released
- Sensitivity to environment
- Structural support
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
A barrier to ions and water (soluble compounds)
What do receptor proteins do?
Bind and respond to ligands
What do carrier proteins do?
Transport specific solutes through membrane
What do channels do?
Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane
What two parts make up the cytoplasm?
Cytosol and Organelles
Cytosol contains dissolved materials and a high concentration of ____(1)____ and low concentration of ______(2)______ on the inside
1) Potassium
2) Sodium
The cytoskeleton are structural proteins for what purpose?
Shape and strength
What are the four functions of the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?
- Durable (collagen)
- Strengthen cell and maintain shape
- Stabilize organelles
- Stabilize cell position
What type of tissue is cilia in the trachea?
Columnar epithelial
Ribosomes build polypeptides in __________________
Protein synthesis
Free ribosomes are located in the _______(1)_______ and manufacture proteins for _________(2)________
1) cytoplasm
2) cell
Fixed ribosomes are attached to the __________(1)_________ and manufacture proteins for _________(2)_________
1) ER
2) secretion
_____________ are storage chambers within membranes of the ER
Cisternae
What are the four functions of the ER? (only give the four single words)
1) Synthesis
2) Storage
3) Transport
4) Detoxification
What does the smooth ER do?
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
What are the two functions of the rough ER?
- Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis
- Encloses products in transport vesicles
What are the three functions of the golgi apparatus?
- Modifies and packages secretions
- Renews or modifies the plasma membrane
- Packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in the cytoplasm
What are the two functions of lysosomes?
- Clean up inside cells
- Autolysis
______________ are enzyme-containing vesicles and produce hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
_____________ produces the energy molecule ATP
Mitochondria
In diffusion and osmosis, ____________ is the driving force for lots of cellular reactions
Concentration gradient
What five factors influence diffusion?
- Distance
- Molecule Size
- Temperature
- Concentration Gradient
- Electrical Forces
__________ is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Osmosis
What happens to volume on the side with more solutes?
Volume increases
In osmosis, the membrane must be ___(1)____ permeable to water, and ______(2)______ permeable to solutes
1) freely
2) selectively
What type of pressure equals the force (hydrostatic pressure) needed to block osmosis?
Osmotic pressure
If a concentration of solutes is equal on both the inside and outside of the cell, then it is _________
Isotonic
If a concentration of solutes is greater on the outside of the cell compared to inside, then it is __________
Hypotonic
If a concentration of solutes is greater on the inside of the cell compared to outside, then it is ___________
Hypertonic
What are the three types of membrane transport?
- Diffusion
- Carrier-mediated transport
- Vesicular transport
Active transport requires what molecule?
ATP
What two items travel through simple diffusion?
- Lipid-soluble compounds
- Dissolved gases
What travels through channel-mediated diffusion?
- Water-soluble compounds and ions
What process engulfs large objects in phagosomes?
Phagocytosis
