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A&P > Bones and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the skeletal system include?

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues
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2
Q

What are the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Storage of minerals and lipids
  • Blood cell production
  • Protection
  • Leverage
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3
Q

What are the three parts that makes up the structure of a long bone?

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphysis (wide part at each end)
  • Metaphysis
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4
Q

What is the diaphysis in the bone?

A

The wall of compact bone. Has a central space called medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

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5
Q

What is the epiphysis in the bone?

A

Mostly spongy bone

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6
Q

What is the metaphysis in the bone?

A

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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7
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of bone?

A
  • Dense matrix
  • Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae organized around blood cells
  • Canaliculi
  • Periosteum
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8
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Narrow passageways that allow for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases

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9
Q

What does periosteum do?

A

Covers outer surfaces of bones except at joints

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10
Q

What is the makeup of bone matrix?

A

2/3 calcium phosphate and 1/3 collagen fibers

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11
Q

What does calcium phosphate form crystals of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
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13
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A
  • Divide to produce osteoblasts
  • Assist in fracture repair
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14
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Produce new bone matrix during osteogenesis (ossification)

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15
Q

Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become __________________

A

Osteocytes

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16
Q

What are osteocytes’s two major functions?

A
  • Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
  • Help repair damaged bone
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17
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A
  • Absorbs and removes bone matrix
  • Secretes acids and protein-digesting enzymes
18
Q

________ is the functional unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

19
Q

What are the three components of the Osteon?

A
  • Central canal
  • Perforating canals
  • Lamellae
20
Q

What are the three layers of lamellae?

A
  • Concentric lamellae
  • Interstitial lamellae
  • Circumferential lamellae
21
Q

______________ lacks osteons

A

Spongy bone

22
Q

______________ fills spaces between trabeculae and forms blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

23
Q

________ bone marrow stores fat

A

Yellow

24
Q

___________ is the membrane that covers the outside of bones and increases the strength of attachments

A

Periosteum

25
Q

The endosteum is the cellular layer that lines the ___________

A

Medullary cavity

26
Q

What are the two PARTS of bone development?

A
  • Ossification (osteogenesis)
  • Calcification
27
Q

What are the two forms of ossification?

A
  • Endochondral ossification
  • Intramembranous ossification
28
Q

Endochondral or intramembranous ossification: which way do most bones form?

A

Endochondral

29
Q

Instramembranous ossification produces dermal bones such as __________ and ___________

A
  • Mandible (lower jaw)
  • Clavicles (collarbones)
30
Q

Interstitial growth is growth in _______

A

Length

31
Q

Appositional growth is growth in _______

A

Width

32
Q

What three types of bone cells are involved in bone remodeling?

A
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
33
Q

If removal is faster than replacement, bones __(1)___. If deposition predominates, bones ____(2)____.

A

1) Weaken
2) Strengthen

34
Q

What two minerals are required in the diet?

A

Calcium and Phosphorous

35
Q

What is the purpose of calcitriol and vitamin D3?

A

Allows calcium and phosphate ion absorption in digestive tract

36
Q

Bones store 99% of the body’s what?

A

Calcium

37
Q

This hormone increase blood calcium ion levels by:
- Stimulating osteoclast activity (indirectly)
- Increasing intestinal absorption
- Decreasing calcium excretion by kidney

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

38
Q

What are the two types of bone fractures?

A

Open (compound) or closed (simple)

39
Q

______________ is inadequate ossification (reduction of bone mass)

A

Osteopenia

40
Q

______________ is the severe loss of bone mass

A

Osteoporosis

A&P (12 decks)

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