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A&P > Fundamentals of A&P > Flashcards

Fundamentals of A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Describes the structures of the body in addition to what they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Is the study of functions of anatomical structures in addition to the individual and cooperative functions

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3
Q

Human anatomy is also known as

A

Gross anatomy or macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

Human anatomy examines…

A

Large, visible structures

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5
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

is from conception to adulthood, including embryology

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6
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Examines cells and molecules

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7
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells or a cluster of cells

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8
Q

Most common form of cancer cytology testing

A

Pap smears

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9
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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10
Q

Physiology is to pathophysiology as Histology is to?

A

pathology

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11
Q

Physiology and Histology are both studies of…

A

normalcy whereas pathophysiology and pathology are abnormal

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12
Q

Human physiology is…

A

The study of how the human body’s systems and functions work together to maintain a stable internal environment

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13
Q

Cell physiology

A

Looks at the functions of cells

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14
Q

Organ physiology

A

Looks at the functions of specific organs

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15
Q

Systemic physiology

A

Looks at the functions of organ systems

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16
Q

Pathological physiology

A

Looks at the effects of diseases on organs or systems

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17
Q

What are the level of organizations?

A

Atoms -> Molecules -> Macromolecules -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ system -> Organism

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18
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Locating structures on or near the body surface

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19
Q

Anatomical landmarks

A

Anatomical position, supine, prone

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20
Q

Anatomical position

A

Hands at sides, palms forward
*this is always the reference

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21
Q

Supine

A

Lying down, face up

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22
Q

Prone

A

Lying down, face down

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23
Q

What’s a lesion?

A

Anything that’s a problem internally or externally
…ends up being a tumor, etc.

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24
Q

Ocular/orbital refers to the

A

eye

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25
Q

Otic refers to the

A

ear

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26
Q

Buccal refers to the

A

cheek

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27
Q

Cervical refers to the

A

neck

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28
Q

Thoracic refers to the

A

thorax/chest
…anything from the lungs up

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29
Q

Mammary refers to the

A

breast

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30
Q

Umbilical refers to the

A

navel

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31
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

It changes the volume of the lungs, which are muscle

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32
Q

The thoracic, mammary, abdominal, and umbilical all refer to the

A

trunk

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33
Q

Cephalic refers to the

A

head

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34
Q

Mental refers to the

A

chin

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35
Q

Axillary refers to the

A

armpit

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36
Q

Brachial refers to the

A

arm

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37
Q

Carpal refers to the

A

wrist

38
Q

Manual refers to the

A

hand

39
Q

Pollex refers to the

A

thumb

40
Q

Digits refers to the

A

fingers and toes

41
Q

Inguinal refers to the

A

groin, the v creases

42
Q

What is inspected in the inguinal (groin) area?

A

A Hernia

43
Q

Patellar refers to the

A

kneecap

44
Q

Femoral refers to the

A

thigh

45
Q

Crural refers to the

A

leg

46
Q

Tarsal refers to the

A

ankle

47
Q

Hallux refers to the

A

great toe

48
Q

Pedal refers to the

A

foot

49
Q

Anterior is also known as

A

Ventral

50
Q

Posterior is also known as

A

Dorsal

51
Q

N.A.V.L stands for?

A

Nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatic

52
Q

Acromial refers to the

A

shoulder

53
Q

Dorsal refers to the

A

back

54
Q

Olecranal refers to the

A

back of elbow

55
Q

Lumbar refers to the

A

loin (the curve of your back)

56
Q

Gluteal refers to the

A

buttock

57
Q

Popliteal refers to the

A

back of the knee

58
Q

Sural refers to the

A

calf

59
Q

Calcaneal refers to the

A

heal of foot

60
Q

Plantar refers to the

A

sole of foot

61
Q

What’s the degenerative condition that affects the plantar?

A

Plantar fasciitis

62
Q

Anatomical regions

A

Abdominopelvic quadrants & abdominopelvic regions

63
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

64
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

R hypochondriac region, R lumbar, R inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric (pubic ), L hypochondriac region, L lumbar, L inguinal

65
Q

Superficial is a directional term that refers to the

A

surface at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

66
Q

Deep is a directional term that refers to

A

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

67
Q

Essential functions of body cavities are to

A

protect organs from shocks and impacts and to permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

68
Q

The coelom refers to the

A

ventral body cavity

69
Q

What’s the function of the serous membrane (serosa)?

A

To cover organs and line body cavities and consists of visceral and parietal layers

70
Q

Visceral serosa lines…?

A

Lines the outer part of the organ within the cavity

71
Q

Parietal serosa lines…?

A

Lines the body cavity

72
Q

Pleural cavity

A

A fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs

73
Q

Mediastinum

A

The upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

74
Q

Lower portion of the mediastinum contains…

A

Pericardial cavity in which the heart is located within

75
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the…

A

Peritoneal cavity, Abdominal cavity and the Pelvic cavity

76
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Chamber within abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall
Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

77
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

The superior portion
Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
Contains digestive organs

78
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

The inferior portion
Medial to pelvic bones
Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

79
Q

Homeostasis

A

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment, returning to the normal values
Systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variables within normal ranges
A state of equilibrium
Ex.: body temperature, pH, electrolytes, fluid balance

80
Q

What are the 2 types of Homeostatic regulation?

A

Autoregulation & Extrinsic regulations

81
Q

Autoregulation

A

The automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change, the “local control”

82
Q

Extrinsic Regulation

A

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems, the “federal control”

83
Q

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of 3 things…

A

A receptor, control center, and effector to limit fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point, or desired value

84
Q

Receptor

A

Receives the stimulus

85
Q

Control Center

A

Processes the signal and sends instructions

86
Q

Effector

A

Carries out instructions

87
Q

Negative Feedback

A

The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Body is brought back into homeostasis
Normal range is maintained

88
Q

Positive Feedback

A

The initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions, the body is moved away from homeostasis and a normal range is not maintained
A positive feedback loop completes a dangerous
process quickly to reestablish homeostasis
Ex.: blood clotting

89
Q

Systems integration

A

Systems work together to maintain homeostasis

90
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Continual adaptation

91
Q

Failure to keep physiological systems working to maintain balance result in…

A

Disease

A&P (12 decks)

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