INTEGUMENTARY Flashcards
What is our Cutaneous Membranes consist of?
Skin (superficial epidermis)
Stratified squamous
the underlying dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue
What is our Mucous Membrane consist of?
composed of epithelium resting on loose connective tissue membrane (Lamina Proprina)
What causes the epidermis and dermis to separate?
Burns or friction
skin separation results in…
a blister
Subcutaneous Tissue deep in the dermis is the…
hypo dermis
What is the hypo dermis made up of?
Adipose Tissue
Subcutaneous Tissue
not considered part of the skin
it does anchor the skin to underlying organs
What are the layers of epidermis called?
Strata
Epidermis layers (inside to outside)
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
avascular
no blood supply of its own
What are keratinocytes?
(Keratin Cells)
Produce Keratin
The fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer
Stratun Basale
deepest layer
lies CLOSEST to the dermis
contains the only epidermal cells that receive adequate nourishment via diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
constantly undergoing cell division
millions of new cells are produced daily
Stratun Basale
The abundance of Keratin this tissue layer a durable overcoat
protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment and from water loss
helps the body resist biological chemical and physical asssults
What is Melanin?
A pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black
What is Melanin produced by?
Special cells called melanocytes
found in chiefly in the stratum basale
What does the dermis consist of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue.
Has two major regions the papillary and reticular
What is the papillary layer like?
The upper dermal region
uneven and has dermal papillae
finger like projections from its superior surface
indent the epidermis
Papillary layer consists of? (houses)
capillary loops
furnish nutrients to the epidermis
other house- pain receptors (free nerve endings), touch receptors
Where is the papillary layer found?
palms of hands and soles of feet
papillae are arranged in definite patterns that form looped and whorled ridges
the epidermal surface increases friction and enhances gripping ability
Reticular layer consists of?
Deepest skin layer
blood cells
sweat and oil glands
Pacinian corpuscles
deep pressure receptors
What 3 pigments contribute to skin color?
Melanin
carotene
oxygen
How does Carotene contribute to skin color?
The amount deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
How does oxygen contribute to skin color?
The amount bound to hemoglobin (pigment in red blood cells) in the dermal blood vessels
What gives skin the rosy glow?
The crimson color of oxygen- rich hemoglobin in the dermal blood supply flushes through the transparent cell layers above
cutaneous glands (exocrine)
- all are exocrine glands
- exocrine glands retain their ducts
- their secretion empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
What are the two types of Cutaneous glands?
Sebaceous
sweat
Sebaceous glads
oil glands are found all over the skin
except for the hands and soles of feet
their ducts usually empty into hair follicles
some open directly onto the skin surface
What is Sebum?
seb=grease
the product of the sebaceous glands
mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells
a lubricant that keeps the skin soft and moist
prevents the hair from becoming brittle
What does Sebum do?
It contains a chemical that helps kill bacteria and prevents the bacteria on the skin surface from invading the deeper skin regions
What is a white head?
if a sebaceous glands becomes blocked with sebum
What is a Black head?
if the accumulated material of the whitehead oxidizes and dries, it darkens
What are the two types of Sudoriferous glands? (Sweat)
widely distributed in the skin- 2.5 million per person
Eccrine glands
apocrine glands
What eccrine glands?
found all over body
produce sweat
a clear secretion that is primarily water
some salts
vitamin c
traces of metabolic wastes
lactic acid
What appocrine glands?
found in the armpit-axillary
larger than eccrine glands
ducts empty into hair follicles
what do appocrine contain?
fatty acids
proteins
oderless until bacteria that live on the skin use its proteins and fats as a source of nutrition for their growth
What is hair function?
shielding the eyes
helping to keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract
Parts of hair
Hair is a flexible epithelial structure, produced by hair follicle
root is the part enclosed in the follicle
shaft is the part projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin
What is a nail?
a scale like modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals
Three regions of nails
- Free edge
- the nail body (visible attached portion)
- the nail root (embedded in the skin)
What is the nail bed?
stratum basale of the epidermis that extends beneath the nail
What is the nail matrix?
responsible for nail growth
as the nail cells produced by the matrix, they become heavily keratinized and die
like hair they are mostly nonliving material
Endocrine glands
lose their connection to the surface (duct)
they are often called ductless glands
their secretions empty directly into the blood
