Bone and Bone Tissue

Question 1

What is Cartilage?

Answer 1

• Makes skeletal cartilage
• consists primarily of water (high water content)
• resilience

Question 2

What is Perichondrium?

Answer 2

acts like a girdle
resists outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed
- contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells

Question 3

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 3

-looks like a frosted glass when freshly exposed
- provided support with flexibility and resilience

Question 4

Which kind of cartilage is most abundant?

Answer 4

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 5

What are the four kinds of Hyaline Cartilage?

Answer 5

Articular
Costal
Repiratory
Nasal

Question 6

What does the articular cartilage do?

Answer 6

Covers the ends of most bones at movable joints

Question 7

What does the costal cartilage do?

Answer 7

connects the ribs to the sternum

Question 8

What does the respiratory cartilage do?

Answer 8

forms the skeleton of the larynx (voice box)
reinforces other respiratory passageways

Question 9

What does the nasal cartilage do?

Answer 9

supports the external nose

Question 10

What does elastic cartilage do?

Answer 10

they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are able to better stand up to repeated bending.

Question 11

Where is Elastic cartilage found?

Answer 11

External ear and epiglottis

Question 12

What is Fibrocartilage?

Answer 12

• highly compressible
• has great tensile strength
• occurs in sites that are subjected to both heavy pressure and stretch

Question 13

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 13

menisci of the knee
the discs between the vertebrae

Question 14

Examples of bone markings?

Answer 14

projections
depressions

Question 15

Is the external surface of bones rough?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

What is the epiphyseal?

Answer 16

plate where bone increases

Question 17

What is the foramen

Answer 17

round or oval hole in a bone
nerves and blood vessels pass through it

Question 18

What is compact bone?

Answer 18

-the external layer
dense
looks smooth solid and homogeneous

Question 19

What is spongy bone?

Answer 19

internal layer
trabeculae (little beams)
a honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces

Question 20

What are living bones?

Answer 20

open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red and yellow bone marrow
-bones come in many sizes and shapes

Question 21

bone classification

Answer 21

long
short
flat
irregular

Question 22

Short bones

Answer 22

cube shaped
contained mostly spongy bone
bone of the wrist and ankle are short bones

Question 23

flat bones

Answer 23

thin
flattened
usually curved
they have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
(skull,ribs,sternum

Question 24

what are osteocytes?

Answer 24

mature bone cells found in the lacunae
tiny cavities within the matrix

Question 25

what are the parts of osteocytes?

Answer 25

lamellae - concentric circles arrangement
central haversian canals

Question 26

what is osteon?

Answer 26

• each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings
  -run length wise through the bony matrix carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone

Question 27

What are canaliculi?

Answer 27

tiny canals that radiate outward from the contral canals to all lacunae
-form a transportation system
-connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix

Question 28

Osteoblasts vs osetoclasts

Answer 28

Osteoblasts- build bone cells
osetoclasts- clean up bone cells

Question 29

What are performing canals?

Answer 29

(volkmann canals)
- provide the communication pathway from the outside of bone to it’s interior
- these performing canals run at right angles to the shaft

Question 30

what are mineral salts?

Answer 30

largely calcium phosphates
- present in the form of tiny crystals surrounding the collagen fibers in the extra-cellular matrix
-the crystals are tightly packed (allows it to resist compression)
- it is because of the salts that are contained in bone that allow them to last long after death

Question 31

skeletal movement

Answer 31

skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move the body and its parts

Question 32

bone storage

Answer 32

fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones
- bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals
-stores calcium and phosphorus

Question 33

What is blood cells formation called?

Answer 33

hematopiesis
-occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones

Question 34

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 34

the composition of the matrix remains mornal
bone marrow mass is reduced
the bones become porous and lighter
affects the entire skeleton
spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable compression fractures of the vertebrae are common

Question 35

what causes osteoporosis?

Answer 35

Abnormal vitamin d receptors
smoking reducing estrogen levels
hormone related conditions
- hyperthyroidism
- diabetes

Question 36

how to prevent osteoporosis

Answer 36

1. getting enough calcium
2. drinking fluoridated water
3. weight bearing exercise
   walking jogging tennis

Question 37

what is rickets?

Answer 37

caused by insufficient mineralization that maybe have deformities such as bowed legs, knock-knees, bulging forehead.
more common in black children because the pigment of skin obsorbes less uv rays. Uv rays are needed to convert dehydrocholesterol in skin to vitamin d

Question 38

when do bones reach peak density?

Answer 38

age 35-40
bones with more spongy bone are densest between the ages of 25-30