Bone and Bone Tissue Flashcards
What is Cartilage?
- Makes skeletal cartilage
- consists primarily of water (high water content)
- resilience
What is Perichondrium?
acts like a girdle
resists outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed
- contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
-looks like a frosted glass when freshly exposed
- provided support with flexibility and resilience
Which kind of cartilage is most abundant?
Hyaline Cartilage
What are the four kinds of Hyaline Cartilage?
Articular
Costal
Repiratory
Nasal
What does the articular cartilage do?
Covers the ends of most bones at movable joints
What does the costal cartilage do?
connects the ribs to the sternum
What does the respiratory cartilage do?
forms the skeleton of the larynx (voice box)
reinforces other respiratory passageways
What does the nasal cartilage do?
supports the external nose
What does elastic cartilage do?
they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are able to better stand up to repeated bending.
Where is Elastic cartilage found?
External ear and epiglottis
What is Fibrocartilage?
- highly compressible
- has great tensile strength
- occurs in sites that are subjected to both heavy pressure and stretch
Where is fibrocartilage found?
menisci of the knee
the discs between the vertebrae
Examples of bone markings?
projections
depressions
Is the external surface of bones rough?
yes
What is the epiphyseal?
plate where bone increases
What is the foramen
round or oval hole in a bone
nerves and blood vessels pass through it
What is compact bone?
-the external layer
dense
looks smooth solid and homogeneous
What is spongy bone?
internal layer
trabeculae (little beams)
a honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces
What are living bones?
open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red and yellow bone marrow
-bones come in many sizes and shapes
bone classification
long
short
flat
irregular
Short bones
cube shaped
contained mostly spongy bone
bone of the wrist and ankle are short bones
flat bones
thin
flattened
usually curved
they have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
(skull,ribs,sternum
what are osteocytes?
mature bone cells found in the lacunae
tiny cavities within the matrix
what are the parts of osteocytes?
lamellae - concentric circles arrangement
central haversian canals
what is osteon?
- each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings
-run length wise through the bony matrix carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
What are canaliculi?
tiny canals that radiate outward from the contral canals to all lacunae
-form a transportation system
-connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix
Osteoblasts vs osetoclasts
Osteoblasts- build bone cells
osetoclasts- clean up bone cells
What are performing canals?
(volkmann canals)
- provide the communication pathway from the outside of bone to it’s interior
- these performing canals run at right angles to the shaft
what are mineral salts?
largely calcium phosphates
- present in the form of tiny crystals surrounding the collagen fibers in the extra-cellular matrix
-the crystals are tightly packed (allows it to resist compression)
- it is because of the salts that are contained in bone that allow them to last long after death
skeletal movement
skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move the body and its parts
bone storage
fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones
- bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals
-stores calcium and phosphorus
What is blood cells formation called?
hematopiesis
-occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones
what is osteoporosis?
the composition of the matrix remains mornal
bone marrow mass is reduced
the bones become porous and lighter
affects the entire skeleton
spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable compression fractures of the vertebrae are common
what causes osteoporosis?
Abnormal vitamin d receptors
smoking reducing estrogen levels
hormone related conditions
- hyperthyroidism
- diabetes
how to prevent osteoporosis
- getting enough calcium
- drinking fluoridated water
- weight bearing exercise
walking jogging tennis
what is rickets?
caused by insufficient mineralization that maybe have deformities such as bowed legs, knock-knees, bulging forehead.
more common in black children because the pigment of skin obsorbes less uv rays. Uv rays are needed to convert dehydrocholesterol in skin to vitamin d
when do bones reach peak density?
age 35-40
bones with more spongy bone are densest between the ages of 25-30
