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Anatomy 2201 > Integument (Ch. 5) > Flashcards

Integument (Ch. 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

An organ (diff. tissues working together)
Largest organ in the human body system
7% of total body weight

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2
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A
  1. protect against mechanical damage
  2. barrier to fluid loss and pathogens
  3. vitamin D production
  4. sensory reception
  5. body temp regulation (sweating)
  6. excretion of salt/wastes
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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

How many cell types are in the epidermis?

A

4 cell types

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5
Q

Does the epidermis have a blood supply?

A

No, it’s avascular

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6
Q

How often does the epidermis regenerate?

A

every 35-45 days

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7
Q

How many cell layers are in the epidermis?

A

4-5 layers (thin vs thick skin)

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8
Q

Epidermis: cells

A
  1. Keratinocytes: produce keratin, most abundant
  2. Melanocytes: produce melanin (helps shield nuclei of keratinocytes from UV radiation)
  3. Merkel cells: sensation
    4: Dendritic cells: immune cells
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9
Q

Name all the layers of the Epidermis (from superficial to deep)

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
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10
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

most superficial

dead cells full of keratin, shed regularly

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11
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

“clear layer”

ONLY IN THICK SKIN

Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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12
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

1-5 layers of cells. Granules in this layer help waterproof skin

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13
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Multiple cell layers of keratinocytes.

ONLY LAYER WITH DENDRITIC CELLS

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14
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest layer, attached to dermis. Mostly keratinocytes w/ rapid division. Melanocytes and merkel cells

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15
Q

Dermis

A 
Underlies epidermis
Strong, flexible CT
Highly vascularized
Innervated (sensation)
2 cell layers - papillary (20%) and reticular (80%)
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16
Q

Does the Dermis have a blood supply?

A

Yes, it’s highly vascularized

17
Q

Dermis: Papillary Layer

A

Papillary Layer ~ superficial 20%

Areolar CT
Provides nutrients to epidermis
Dermal Papillae increase surface area for transport of materials into epidermis

18
Q

Dermis: Reticular Layer

A

80% of dermis

Mostly dense irregular [CT]
Network of collagen and elastic fibers provide stretch, strength

19
Q

Hypodermis

A

Supports skin (epidermis and dermis)
Areolar and Adipose loose CT (mostly adipose)
–stores fat, provides insulation, anchors skin to muscles

Allows movement of skin over muscle and bones

20
Q

List the 3 layers of the skin from superficial to deep

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
21
Q

Fingerprints

A

Dermal papillae push up and elevate the overlying epidermis (create epidermal ridges). Patterns are unique

22
Q

Hair

A

flexible strands made of keratin
Pigment comes from melanocytes
Fxns: sensation (light touch), protection, insulation

23
Q

Hair Structure:

A

Basic:

  • -shaft (exposed)
  • -root (embedded portion)

Hair Follicle:

  • -bulb (innervation)
  • -papilla (blood supply)

Arrector Pili Muscle
–contraction raises (erects hair), causes “goosebumps”

24
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Can be eccrine (a form of merocrine gland) or apocrine

25
Q

Eccrine Sweat glands

A

Secreted ONTO skin surface. Allows evaporative cooling

Development: invaginate from skin surface
Product: 99% water, 1% salts/wastes
Acidic; antibacterial properties

26
Q

Apocrine Sweat glands

A

Discharge into hair follicles and NOT body surface

Development: outgrowths from hair follicles
Product: complex molecules, odorous
Found in armpits/genitals

27
Q

Modified Sweat glands

A

Ceruminous: line external ear canal, produce earwax

Mammary: secrete milk

28
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Multicellular exocrine glands
Open into hair follicles
Secrete sebum (oil):
–Holocrine secretion: cells accumulate sebum and burst to release product

Moisturize hair and skin
Blocked hair follicle –> acne

29
Q

Skin Color - Melanin

A

Melanin acts as a natural sunblock, determines skin tone

Number of melanocytes does NOT vary among individuals; activity of melanocytes does

Not much melanin = decrease in folate levels

30
Q

Skin Color and UV Rays

A

Some exposure to sunlight is essential

  • -UV rays cause epidermis to produce vitamin D
  • ->needed for calcium absorption
  • ->light skin in northern climates (low sun) facilitates this)

But excessive exposure is dangerous

  • -reduces folate levels needed for embryonic development
  • -promotes skin cancer

Skin color affects amount of UV absorbed
–darker skin in tropical (high sun) environments reduces UV absorption, protects folic acid levels

31
Q

Skin Cancer

A

Most common form of cancer

Basal cell carcinoma originates in the stratum basale (germinativum). Metastasis is rare

Melanoma is potentially life-threatening, because cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly and spread through the lymphatic system

32
Q

ABCDE of Skin Cancer

A 
A. Asymmetry: irregular shape
B. Border: indistinct
C. Color: mottled
D. Diameter: > 5mm is dangerous
E. Elevation: not flat
33
Q

What’s the mnemonic for the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A 
Come [Stratum Corneum]
*Let's [Stratum Lucidum]
Get [Stratum Granulosum]
Sun [Stratum Spinosum]
Burned [Stratum Basale]

*Only in thick skin

Anatomy 2201 (33 decks)

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