Innate Overview Flashcards
phagolysosome
what neutrophils/macrophages use to engulf bacteria and degrade
Macrophages roll in innate immune system
kill and degrade, but also present peptides from the antigens
dendritic cells roll in innate immune
immunosurveillance…efficient at presenting antigens they picked up via endocytosis to T cells
notice PAMPs and DAMPs
follicular dendritic cells roll in innate immune response
specialized stromal cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, that are good at trapping antigens and presenting to to B cells
natural killer cells roll in innate immune response
mature in bone marrow, contain granules of grnazyme and perforin, also have receptors for IgG on membrane so if it attaches then will kill the cell
plays large part in killing viral infected cells and malignant cells
pattern recognition receptors
proteins involved in innate immune with recognition of microbes, they can recognize and interact with components specific to microbes
can be extracellular or transmembrane, cytosolic and endosomal
PAMPs
DAMPs
pathogen associated molecular patterns are the microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity..by binding neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells
Damage associated molecular patterns are also things that bind to pattern recognition receptors on neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Examples of PAMPs
endotoxin or LPS
mannose residues of bacterial glycoproteins
dsRNA in viruses
unmehtylated GC rich oligonucleotides in microbial DNA
extracellular or membrane TLRs recognize what?
microbial proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides on cell surfaces
endosome TLRs recognize what?
nucleic acids
TLR-2
binds parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans
TLR3,7,8
bind viral ss and dsRNA
TLR4
binds LPS or endotoxin on bacteria
TLR 5
binds flagellin protein in bacterial flagella
TLR-9
binds unmehtylated GC rich parts of microbial genomes
Interferon System in innate immunity
mainly involved in innate immunity against viral pathogens
Interferon system mechanism against viral
TLR 7 and 9 notice the viral DNA/RNA then interferon a and b are made and they warn cells, if they attach to an infected cell then it commits suicide
cytokines of innate immunity
TNF, IL-1, IFN-gamma, IL-6
needed to induce large numbers of changes distant from sites of inflammation and infection…leads to acute phase response
Acute phase response changes
increase in plasma proteins, change in some protein concentrations that contribute to host defense and adaptive immune
IL-6
chief stimulator of production of acute phase proteins
conditions leading to change in plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins
infection, trauma, burn, surgery, tissue infarction, immuno inflammatory conditions, advanced cancer
acute phase protein definition
plasma concentration must increase 25% during inflammatory disorders
examples of acute phase proteins or reactant
C reactive protein, Serum amyloid A, Fibrinogen. complement, mannose binding lectin/protein
C reactive protein
acute phase protein
can promote recognition and clearance of pathogens and clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells
activates complement system and induces monocytes of inflammatory cytokines
Serum amyloid A
acute phase protein
influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory response
complement components of acute phase response
serve roles as chemotaxis, plasma protein exudation at sites of infection, and opsonization of infectious agents
haptoglobin and hemopexin
acute phase proteins
antioxidants protecting against reactive oxygen species by removing iron containing heme and hemoglobin
hepcidin
acute phase protein
decreases serum iron by preventing absorption in the intestines and impairing iron release from macrophages
fibrinogen acute phase response
acute phase protein
helps with wound healing by causing endothelial cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation
Clinical use of Serum Acute phase APR levels
useful because if elevated reflects presence and intensity of an inflammation process, but cannot use to differentiate infection versus other forms of acute and chronic inflammation
