Inflammation

Question 1

chronic inflammation causes

Answer 1

persistent tissue and acute inflammation
microorganisms resistend to phagocytosis or intracelular killing (mycobacterium, viruses, fungi, parasite)
foreign bodies
autoimmune disorders
primary granulomatous diseases

Question 2

acute pneumonia

Answer 2

pneumonia is considered inflammation of pulmonary parenchyma and acute inflammation can often lead to death

Question 3

edema

Answer 3

an increase in vasculature permeability leads to an increase in fluid in connective tissue

Question 4

mast cell regulator of edema

Answer 4

histamine

Question 5

platelets regulator of edema

Answer 5

serotonin

Question 6

inflammatory cells regulator of edema

Answer 6

platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Question 7

endothelium regulators of edema

Answer 7

nitric oxide, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins

Question 8

reactions of phagocytic cell oxidative burst in neutrophils

Answer 8

O2 turned into O2- by NADPH oxidase

O2- into H2O2 or hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase

H2O2 split into O free radicals and hypochlorous acid by myeloperoxidase

Question 9

Chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 9

CGD
inherited disorder of phagocytic cells where they cannot make O2- radicals

caused by defect in NADPH oxidase

Question 10

Chronic granulomatous disease and catalase positive organisms

Answer 10

since the organisms themselves can break down the H2O2 they make…there is none to be given to the reaction cascade making the oxidative burst, so the catalase positive organisms live

Question 11

Chronic granulomatous disease and catalase negative organisms

Answer 11

theseo organisms cannot breakdown the H2O2 they make which will build up and feed the pathway to oxidative burst, despite the cell not having NADPH oxidase to make the O2- to make H2O2 itself

Question 12

leukocyte diepidesis

Answer 12

when the WBCs are able to squeeze through gaps in the endothelium cells and into the surrounding tissue

Question 13

transmigration

Answer 13

movement of the leukocytes in between the endothelium cells

Question 14

where are leukocytes found in blood vessels?

Answer 14

typically found in the edges where they may be rolling along attached to integrins associated with the endothelium wall

Question 15

fibrosis

Answer 15

scarring, when you have excess deposits of fibrous connective tissue, most often collagen

Question 16

fibrinous exudate

Answer 16

exudation of plasma proteins known as fibrinogen in inflammation that leads to fibrin

Question 17

Bite wound microorganisms…

Answer 17

staph aureus and strepto pyogenes from our skin
pasteurella multacide from dog or cat mouth along with oral anaerobes
oral anaerobes from human mouth

Question 18

aspergillus sign seen in CT scan of lungs

Answer 18

looks like a halo

Question 19

aspergillus infection

Answer 19

in soil, conidia in air

can be invasive or non-invasive, chronic and allergic disease in immunocompromised

commonly invasive with individuals with neutropenia or low neutrophils in connective tissue

voriconazole is primary therapy, followed with amphotericin

Question 20

congenital neutropenia

Answer 20

a congenital disorder where you lack neutrophils from birth, will show low blood count of PMNs and will likely not be very healthy experiencing infections

Question 21

chronic granulomatous disease genetics

Answer 21

it is an X linked disease, so if mother carrier then 50% of cells will not be able to make the H2O2 needed and 50% will make the H2O2 needed in the neutrophils for oxidative burst of pathogens

if passed to son, he will show 100% low oxidative burst in neutrophils

Question 22

Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency

Answer 22

leukocytes especially PMNs cannot adhere to blood vessel walls, so cannot migrate to site of an infection…this leads to extremely high concentrations of PMNs in the bloodstream and a condition known as neutrophilia…no puss with infection

Question 23

neutrophilia

Answer 23

high levels of neutrophils in the blood stream, often seen in leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Question 24

neutropenia

Answer 24

low levels of neutrophils in blood count, often due to congenital neutropenia