Innate Immunity pt. 2

Question 1

What causes platelet activation?

• What happens after activation?

Answer 1

Tissue destruction/inflammation

• Platelets interact with coagulation cascade

Question 2

What happens during the coagulation cascade?

Answer 2

Platelets release serotonin

• forms blood clots to stop bleeding
• Promotes wound healing

Question 3

What is margination/pavementing?

Answer 3

Leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells of blood vessels during inflammation

Question 4

What is diapedesis?

Answer 4

Leukocytes move to outside blood vessels between endothelial junctions.

Question 5

What is the main purpose of Neutrophils?

Answer 5

First to arrive to injury:

Ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris

Question 6

How long do neutrophil responses last?

What happens after their death?

Answer 6

Neutrophils are short lived:

Become exudate

Question 7

Where are monocytes produced?

• What do they become and where?

Answer 7

Produced in the bone marrow.

Migrate to inflammatory site, 24 hours after neutrophils, and become macrophages.

Question 8

What is the purpose of eosinophils?

Answer 8

Phagocytose parasites:

Degrade substances produced by mast cells (mediate vascular changes)

Question 9

What are basophils responsible for?

Answer 9

Release histamine in response to allergens and asthma

Question 10

What is the purpose of Natural Killer cells?

Answer 10

Phagocytose virally infected cells and cancerous cells.

Question 11

What is acute inflammation?

What are the symptoms caused by?

Answer 11

Self-limiting inflammation.

Symptoms caused by leaking of circulating components into tissue

Question 12

What are these types of exudates:

• Serous exudate
• Fibrinous exudate

Answer 12

• Serous= Indicates early inflammation; color but clear
• Fibrinous= indicates advanced inflammation; thick clotted

Question 13

What are examples of these exudates:

Serous

Fibrinous

Answer 13

Serous= Blister

Fibrinous= pneumonia

Question 14

What are these types of exudate:

• Purulent exudate (supperative)
• Hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 14

Purulent= Pus; indicates bacterial infection

Hemorrhagic= Contains blood

Question 15

What causes fever?

Answer 15

Endogenous (cytokines) or exogenous (pathogens) pyrogens cause hypothalamus to raise body temp

Question 16

What is an increased number of WBCs known as?

How many WBCs would this be?

Answer 16

Leukocytosis

11,000

Question 17

What are some manifesttions of acute inflammation?

Answer 17

1. Fever
2. Leukocytosis
3. Increased plasma protein synthesis

Question 18

What are these indicators of acute inflammation:

• Left shift
• Bands

Answer 18

• Ratio of immature neutrophils (more) to mature neutrophils (less)
• Bands= Immature WBCs (high amounts indicates inflammation)

Question 19

What type of plasma protein is seen in higher amounts during acute inflammation?

Answer 19

Acute phase reactants (general term)

C-reactive protein (specific protein)

Question 20

How can you test the amount of acute-phase reactants in blood to indicate inflammation?

Answer 20

ESR/sed rate:

Blood is spun in tube; faster it settles=systemic inflammation

Question 21

What is chronic inflammation?

What is the most likely cause?

Answer 21

Inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer

Unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

Question 22

What are some other causes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 22

• Microorganism with high lipid/wax content
• Can survive inside macrophage
• Irritants

Question 23

What are characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 23

• High amounts of lymphocytes/macrophages
• granuloma formation