Hormone

Question 1

How does the parathyroid gland react to serum calcium?

Answer 1

Low serum calcium= Secretes parathyroid hormone

High serum calcium= decreases parathyroid hormone

Question 2

What are negative feedback loops?

Answer 2

A body process that results in the opposite of the stimulus.

(low BP causes body to try and raise BP)

Question 3

Diseases of the pituitary gland include:

Answer 3

• SIADH
• Diabetes insipidus

Question 4

What does SIADH cause?

How does this cause symptoms?

Answer 4

Water intoxication

1. The body makes too much ADH
2. retains too much water
3. concentrated urine

Result from hyponatremia (diluted blood)

Question 5

What are the symptoms of SIADH?

Answer 5

Neurological problems (sodium)

Fatigue, lethargy, seizures

Question 6

When are the treatments of SIADH?

Answer 6

Increase sodium (NOT too fast)

Vasopression antagonist (synthetic ADH)

Question 7

What causes diabetes insipidus?

Answer 7

Not enough ADH; release very dilute urine

Question 8

What is serum osmalality

How does ADH affect this?

Answer 8

Measure of concentration of solutes in plasma;

ADH decreases serum osmolality

Question 9

What are manifestations of Diabetes insipidus?

Answer 9

• Polyuria
• Low specific gravity
• Polydipsia (excessive thirst)

Question 10

Does water restriction treat diabetes insipidus?

Answer 10

No; urine will still be produced

hypernatremia will result

Question 11

How do urine deprivation test for diabetes insipidus?

Answer 11

Water intake is withheld;

DI patient cannot increase specific gravity/osmolality

Question 12

What causes acromegaly and giantism?

Answer 12

• Giantism is hypersecretion of growth hormone in children
• Acromegaly is hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults

Question 13

What are the manifestations of acromegaly and giantism?

Answer 13

Acromegaly: Enlargement of bones of face, hands etc..

Giantism: Increased growth

Question 14

What does growth hormone do?

Answer 14

• Increase protein synthesis
• Increase glucose level in blood

Question 15

What negative feedback loop controls the thyroid?

Answer 15

Thyroid Stimulating hormone release based on T3 and T4 hormones

• When T3/T4 too low, TSH release increases; increases T3/T4

Question 16

What are primary dysfunctions of the thyroid gland?

• Secondary dysfunctions?

Answer 16

Primary: Disease of gland itself

Secondary: Problem with pituitary/hypothalamus

Question 17

What is subclinical thyroid disease?

Answer 17

No symptoms but abnormal labs

Question 18

What mineral is essential for thyroid function?

Where do they get it?

Answer 18

Iodine

Iodide recieved from diet; converted to iodine

Question 19

What are the lab values of hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

Hypothyroidism: Low T4/T3 levels; high TSH level

Hyperthyroidism: High T4/T3 levles; low TSH levels

Question 20

What is Grave’s disease?

Answer 20

Autoimmune problem that produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins;

Hyperthyroidisim

Question 21

What does graves disease manifest as?

Answer 21

• Opthalmopathy (eyes appear large)
• Pretibial myxedema

Question 22

What do these terms mean:

1. Crenitism
2. Myxedema

Answer 22

Cretinism: Low thyroid at birth

Myxedema; extreme hypothyroidism

Question 23

What are manifestations of hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

Decreased energy

Cold intolerance

Myxedema coma

Question 24

What is myxedema coma?

Answer 24

Severe emergency caused by hypothyroidism:

Hypothermia

Hypoventilation

Question 25

What is hashimoto disease?

Answer 25

Body makes autoantibodies that attack thyroid gland;

Progressive hypothyroidism

Question 26

What is the most common cause of thyroid cancer?

What is the common treatment?

Answer 26

Ionizing radiation;

Thyroidectomy