Altered Cell/Tissue Flashcards
- What are cellular adaptations?
- What are the two causes?
Reversible, structural/functional response to:
- Normal, physiological changes
- Pathological conditions
What are these types of cellular adaptation:
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
Atrophy= Decrease in cellular size
Hypertrophy= Increase in cellular size
What are these types of cellular adaptation:
- Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia= Increase in number of cells
What are these types of cellular adaptation:
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
Dysplasia= Deranged cellular growth (disorganized)
Metaplasia= Replacement of cell type with another
What are these types of atrophy:
- Skeletal muscle on a casted limb
- Muscle of a paralyzed limb
- Disuse syndrome
- Denervation
Is atrophy reversible?
Yes:
Through exercise/ if nerves can be reconnected
- When is hypertrophy must commonly seen?
- What type of cells does it most affect?
- When workload is increased:
- Cardiac/skeletal cells (cannot undergo mitosis) so must grow to compensate
What are physiological causes of hyperplasia?
- Breast/uterine enlargement in pregnancy
- Regeneration of organs (bone, liver)
- What commonly causes dysplasia?
- What is the risk associated with dysplasia?
- Chronic irritation
- Often a precursor to cancer
- Metaplasia is often caused by:
- What is a common example:
- Chronic irritation (smoking)
- Smoking causes squamous cells replace columnar cells (withstand irritation better)
Can epithelial cells be replaced by muscle cell due to metaplasia?
NO; Cell types will not overstep primary cell
Is cerebral atrophy physiological or pathological?
Physiological; naturally occurs with aging
When does cellular injury occur?
Does it lead to anything?
- When cell can no longer maintain homeostasis
- Most diseases begin with cellular injury
Is cellular injury reversible or irreversible?
Both:
Irreversible injured cells die
What are stressors?
Anything that alters cellular homeostasis
What are hypoxic injuries?
Most common cause of cellular injury:
Lack of oxygen to tissue/cell
What is Ischemia?
Most common cause of hypoxia:
Lack of blood flow to tissues
What are ischemia-reperfusion injuries?
Additional injury causes by restoration of blood flow
(oxidative stress, intracellular calcium…)
What is anoxia?
Hypoxic injury caused by total lack of oxygen
What is oxidative stress?
Injury:
Free radicals cause damage by reacting with cell membrances and nucleic acids
- What substances cause oxidative stress?
- What cells are most susceptible?
- Natural cellular reactions or exogenous sources (tobacco)
- Tissues with reduced blood flow
What are free radicals?
Uncharged atoms that have an unpaired electron
What are xenobiotics?
What do they cause?
Anything that is toxic to a cell
Cause mutation, damage, and chemical injury
How does the body neutralize xenobiotics?
What can this lead to?
Liver attempts to detoxify them.
Can lead to permanent liver damage
Unintentional/intentional injury
- What demographic is most often affected?
Men and higher rates among blacks
What are types of blunt force injuries?
- Contusion
- laceration
- fractures
