Altered Cell/Tissue

Question 1

• What are cellular adaptations?
• What are the two causes?

Answer 1

Reversible, structural/functional response to:

1. Normal, physiological changes
2. Pathological conditions

Question 2

What are these types of cellular adaptation:

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Atrophy= Decrease in cellular size

Hypertrophy= Increase in cellular size

Question 3

What are these types of cellular adaptation:

1. Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Hyperplasia= Increase in number of cells

Question 4

What are these types of cellular adaptation:

1. Dysplasia
2. Metaplasia

Answer 4

Dysplasia= Deranged cellular growth (disorganized)

Metaplasia= Replacement of cell type with another

Question 5

What are these types of atrophy:

1. Skeletal muscle on a casted limb
2. Muscle of a paralyzed limb

Answer 5

1. Disuse syndrome
2. Denervation

Question 6

Is atrophy reversible?

Answer 6

Yes:

Through exercise/ if nerves can be reconnected

Question 7

• When is hypertrophy must commonly seen?
• What type of cells does it most affect?

Answer 7

• When workload is increased:
• Cardiac/skeletal cells (cannot undergo mitosis) so must grow to compensate

Question 8

What are physiological causes of hyperplasia?

Answer 8

• Breast/uterine enlargement in pregnancy
• Regeneration of organs (bone, liver)

Question 9

• What commonly causes dysplasia?
• What is the risk associated with dysplasia?

Answer 9

• Chronic irritation
• Often a precursor to cancer

Question 10

• Metaplasia is often caused by:
• What is a common example:

Answer 10

• Chronic irritation (smoking)
• Smoking causes squamous cells replace columnar cells (withstand irritation better)

Question 11

Can epithelial cells be replaced by muscle cell due to metaplasia?

Answer 11

NO; Cell types will not overstep primary cell

Question 12

Is cerebral atrophy physiological or pathological?

Answer 12

Physiological; naturally occurs with aging

Question 13

When does cellular injury occur?

Does it lead to anything?

Answer 13

• When cell can no longer maintain homeostasis
• Most diseases begin with cellular injury

Question 14

Is cellular injury reversible or irreversible?

Answer 14

Both:

Irreversible injured cells die

Question 15

What are stressors?

Answer 15

Anything that alters cellular homeostasis

Question 16

What are hypoxic injuries?

Answer 16

Most common cause of cellular injury:

Lack of oxygen to tissue/cell

Question 17

What is Ischemia?

Answer 17

Most common cause of hypoxia:

Lack of blood flow to tissues

Question 18

What are ischemia-reperfusion injuries?

Answer 18

Additional injury causes by restoration of blood flow

(oxidative stress, intracellular calcium…)

Question 19

What is anoxia?

Answer 19

Hypoxic injury caused by total lack of oxygen

Question 20

What is oxidative stress?

Answer 20

Injury:

Free radicals cause damage by reacting with cell membrances and nucleic acids

Question 21

• What substances cause oxidative stress?
• What cells are most susceptible?

Answer 21

• Natural cellular reactions or exogenous sources (tobacco)
• Tissues with reduced blood flow

Question 22

What are free radicals?

Answer 22

Uncharged atoms that have an unpaired electron

Question 23

What are xenobiotics?

What do they cause?

Answer 23

Anything that is toxic to a cell

Cause mutation, damage, and chemical injury

Question 24

How does the body neutralize xenobiotics?

What can this lead to?

Answer 24

Liver attempts to detoxify them.

Can lead to permanent liver damage

Question 25

Unintentional/intentional injury

• What demographic is most often affected?

Answer 25

Men and higher rates among blacks

Question 26

What are types of blunt force injuries?

Answer 26

1. Contusion
2. laceration
3. fractures