Hormones pt. 2

Question 1

What is primary hyperparathyrodism?

What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 1

Primary= Excess secretion of PTH from one or more gland

Secondary= Chronic disease/chronic hypocalcemia

Question 2

Hyperparathoroidism manifests as:

Answer 2

• Hypercalcemia
• Kidney stones
• Hypophosphatemia
• Easier fractures

Question 3

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 3

Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone;

takes calcium from bone to blood

Question 4

Hyperparathyroidism usually leads to what condition?

-why?

Answer 4

Osteoperosis:

Weak bones from loss of bone calcium

Question 5

What medication is given for hyperparathyroidism/osteoperosis?

Answer 5

Calcitonin:

Inhibits activity of osteoclasts to prevent bone degradation

Question 6

Hypoparathyroidism is caused by:

Answer 6

Parathyroid damage (thyroid surgery)

-Low PTH levels

Question 7

Hypoparathyroidism mainfests as:

Answer 7

• Hypocalcemia
• Hyperphosphatemia (inhibits vitamin D absorption)

(opposite of hyperparathyroidism)

Question 8

The pancreas secretes these hormones:

Answer 8

Beta cells release insulin (continuously)

Alpha cells release glucagon

Question 9

What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

What does these result in?

Answer 9

Autoimmune disorder:

Cells destroy beta cells;

can’t produce insulin

Question 10

What does type 1 diabetes manifest as:

Answer 10

• Polyuria (excess urine)
• Polydipsia (excess thirst)
• Polyphasia (excess hunger)
• Hyperglycemia

Question 11

What does insulin do?

Answer 11

Attach to serum glucose and take to cells

Question 12

Type 1 diabetes is also called:

Answer 12

Insulin dependent DM

• Require insulin

Juvenile DM

• Develops in childhood

Question 13

What condition can occur from type 1 diabetes?

What are the symptoms?

Answer 13

DKA: Positive ketones in urine

• Fruity smelling breath

(body breaks down fat for energy)

Question 14

What are the treatments for type 1 DM?

Answer 14

Insulin (obviously lol)

Question 15

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 15

non-autoimmune problem:

• Person doesn’t produce enough insulin (still produces)

or

• Insulin cannot bind to cells

Question 16

What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes:

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 16

Age (late-onset)

Metabolic syndrome:

• Obesity
• hypertension
• High Cholesterol

Question 17

What is gestation diabetes mellitus?

Answer 17

Type 2 diabetes develops in pregnant women (may persist)

Question 18

Chronic manifestations of both types of diabetes mellitus is:

Answer 18

• Hyperglycemia
• Microvascular disease (nerve damage/neuropathy)
• Macrovascular disease (Blood vessel damage)
• Infection

Question 19

Why do diabetics often have to have amputation?

Answer 19

Hyperglycemia causes Blood vessel damage and leads to tissue damage (necrosis)

Question 20

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

What are some symptoms?

Who does it occur in?

Answer 20

• Ketosis/acidosis, rapid onset, high blood sugar
• Only occurs in type 1 (type 2 still produce some insulin)

Question 21

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHS)

What are symptoms?

Who does it occur in?

Answer 21

Slower onset, Very high blood glucose, huge fluid deficit

Occurs in type 2 diabetics

Question 22

Somogyi effect:

vs.

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 22

Somogyi: Hypoglycemia in night that rebounds in morning

Dawn: Rise in morning glucose w/ no hypoglycemia at night

Question 23

What are these long term conditions caused by diabetes:

• Retinopathy
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Neuropathy

Answer 23

Microvascular (damage to small vessels)

• Retinopathy= damages eyes
• Diabetic nephropathy= damages kidneys
• Neuropathy= damages neurons

Question 24

How can these chronic complications occur from diabetes:

• Coronary artery disease
• Stroke
• Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 24

Macrovascular disease (damage to large vessels due to untreated diabetes/glucose)