Hormones pt. 2 Flashcards
What is primary hyperparathyrodism?
What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Primary= Excess secretion of PTH from one or more gland
Secondary= Chronic disease/chronic hypocalcemia
Hyperparathoroidism manifests as:
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney stones
- Hypophosphatemia
- Easier fractures
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone;
takes calcium from bone to blood
Hyperparathyroidism usually leads to what condition?
-why?
Osteoperosis:
Weak bones from loss of bone calcium
What medication is given for hyperparathyroidism/osteoperosis?
Calcitonin:
Inhibits activity of osteoclasts to prevent bone degradation
Hypoparathyroidism is caused by:
Parathyroid damage (thyroid surgery)
-Low PTH levels
Hypoparathyroidism mainfests as:
- Hypocalcemia
- Hyperphosphatemia (inhibits vitamin D absorption)
(opposite of hyperparathyroidism)
The pancreas secretes these hormones:
Beta cells release insulin (continuously)
Alpha cells release glucagon
What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What does these result in?
Autoimmune disorder:
Cells destroy beta cells;
can’t produce insulin
What does type 1 diabetes manifest as:
- Polyuria (excess urine)
- Polydipsia (excess thirst)
- Polyphasia (excess hunger)
- Hyperglycemia
What does insulin do?
Attach to serum glucose and take to cells
Type 1 diabetes is also called:
Insulin dependent DM
- Require insulin
Juvenile DM
- Develops in childhood
What condition can occur from type 1 diabetes?
What are the symptoms?
DKA: Positive ketones in urine
- Fruity smelling breath
(body breaks down fat for energy)
What are the treatments for type 1 DM?
Insulin (obviously lol)
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
non-autoimmune problem:
- Person doesn’t produce enough insulin (still produces)
or
- Insulin cannot bind to cells
What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes:
What is metabolic syndrome?
Age (late-onset)
Metabolic syndrome:
- Obesity
- hypertension
- High Cholesterol
What is gestation diabetes mellitus?
Type 2 diabetes develops in pregnant women (may persist)
Chronic manifestations of both types of diabetes mellitus is:
- Hyperglycemia
- Microvascular disease (nerve damage/neuropathy)
- Macrovascular disease (Blood vessel damage)
- Infection
Why do diabetics often have to have amputation?
Hyperglycemia causes Blood vessel damage and leads to tissue damage (necrosis)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
What are some symptoms?
Who does it occur in?
- Ketosis/acidosis, rapid onset, high blood sugar
- Only occurs in type 1 (type 2 still produce some insulin)
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHS)
What are symptoms?
Who does it occur in?
Slower onset, Very high blood glucose, huge fluid deficit
Occurs in type 2 diabetics
Somogyi effect:
vs.
Dawn phenomenon
Somogyi: Hypoglycemia in night that rebounds in morning
Dawn: Rise in morning glucose w/ no hypoglycemia at night
What are these long term conditions caused by diabetes:
- Retinopathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Neuropathy
Microvascular (damage to small vessels)
- Retinopathy= damages eyes
- Diabetic nephropathy= damages kidneys
- Neuropathy= damages neurons
How can these chronic complications occur from diabetes:
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- Peripheral arterial disease
Macrovascular disease (damage to large vessels due to untreated diabetes/glucose)
