Altered Cells pt. 2 Flashcards
What are asphyxial injuries?
Failure of cells to receive/use oxygen.
Suffocation is also known as?
Choking asphyxiation
- Strangulation can be caused by:
- Chemical asphyxiation can be cause by:
- Hanging, strangulation
- Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
Hypoxia
What items can cause cellular accumulations?
- Water
- Lipids/carbohydrates
- Glycogen
- Protein
How can these processes cause cellular accumulation:
- Abnormal metabolism
- Defect in protein folding transport
- Can lead to fat accumulation: fatty liver
- Can lead to accumulation of abnormal proteins
How can these processes cause cellular accumulation:
- Lack of enzymes
- Ingestion of indigestible material
- Lead to accumulation of endogenous material
- Lead to accumulation of exogenous material
What are examples of these cellular accumulations:
- Pigments
- Calcium
Pigments= Melanin, hemoproteins, and bilirubin
Calcium= Dystrophic and Metastatic
What is dystrophic calcification?
Localized buildup of calcium from cells in process of dying
What is metastatic calcification?
- What is it caused by?
Systemic buildup of calcium in cells that are NOT damaged
caused by high blood calcium
What causes contusions/bruisings to change color?
Damaged RBCs release hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is broken down into Hemosiderin and Iron
What causes necorsis?
Local cell death releases lysozymes that cause cellular autodigestion
Are these two forms of cell death regulated:
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
Necrosis= non-regulated
Apoptosis= Regulated
Where does Coagulative necrosis occur?
What is it caused by?
- Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
- Caused by protein denaturation
What causes caseous necrosis?
How can it be identified?
- Pulmonary TB
- Dead tissue looks like cheese
What is gangrenous necrosis?
Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
What is gas gangrene commonly caused by?
Clostridium
What is apoptosis?
Preprogrammed self-destruction of cells
What is autophagy?
Body cleans out apoptosed cells and regenerates new ones
What is somatic death?
The death of a person
What are these results of somatic death:
- Algor mortis
- Rigor mortis
Algor mortis= Reduction of temperature
Rigor mortis= Muscles stiffen
What are these results of somatic death:
- Livor mortis
- Postmortem autolysis
Livor mortis= Purple discoloration
Postmortem autolysis= Changes in smell with release of enzymes
Are aging processes physiological or pathological?
Physiological
The natural atrophy of muscles due to aging is called:
Sarcopenia
