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inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homozygote

A

an individual with two IDENTICAL alleles for a characteristic

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2
Q

heterozygote

A

an individual with two DIFFERENT alleles for a characteristic

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3
Q

alleles

A

different forms of a gene

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4
Q

genotype

A

alleles present/genetic makeup of an individual regarding a characteristic

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5
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of an individual regarding a characteristic

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6
Q

MOST characteristics are controlled by ____ genes interacting

A

several

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7
Q

what do combinations of alleles you inherit determine?

A

your characteristics

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8
Q

(inheritance topic)
what do inherited chromosomes carry?

A

your genetic info in the form of GENES

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9
Q

dominant allele
(two points)

A

ALWAYS expressed in phenotype
—
use a capital letter to express

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10
Q

recessive allele
(two points)

A

only expressed if TWO COPIES are present
—
use lower case letter to express

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11
Q

Punnet square
(what is it, what they do, what they tell us)

A

genetic diagram

help explain what is happening, what offspring might be like

genotype of the parents
possible gametes formed from these
how these may combine to form the characteristic in their offspring

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12
Q

genetic cross

A

considering offspring results from 2 known parents

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13
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis / meiosis

1 round of division / 2 rounds of division

genetically identical cells produced / genetically differing cells produced

diploid cells / haploid cells

all bodily cells / gametes only

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14
Q

the monomer:

A

🔴 phosphate
\
⬠— ▭
sugar and organic base

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15
Q

nucleotide

A

bases of DNA

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16
Q

gene

A

section of DNA for coding

17
Q

DNA

A

alpha helix, genetic material

18
Q

chromosome

A

condensed DNA for cell division

19
Q

polydactyly

A

extra finger or toe

20
Q

what happens in cystic fibrosis?

A

mucosal membranes produce too much mucus

physiotherapy needed every day to remove mucus from the lungs

leads to respiratory issues

21
Q

asexual vs sexual reproduction

A

sexual:
- variation and adaptation
- takes longer as it creates seeds/babies
- only local area populated
- lots of energy required

asexual:
- all offspring are clones
- offspring created nearby quicker
- little energy required
- population in very small area

22
Q

what is the nucleotide?

A

a monomer of DNA (as DNA is a polymer made of small parts)

23
Q

genome

A

entire set ot genetic material in an organism

24
Q

complementary base pairing

A

only complementary bases can pair to hold the helix together.
A-T
C-G

25
Q

how is knowledge of the human genome helpful?

A
  • can be used for treatments of genetic disease
  • finding genes that cause genetic disease
  • tracking human migration patterns from the past, helping people discover their ancestory
26
Q

cystic fibrosis (genetic inheritance)

A
  • controlled by a recessive allele meaning someone can be a carrier
  • you would need both recessive alleles to have it
27
Q

polydactyly (genes)

A
  • caused by a dominant allele
  • cannot be a carrier
  • only need one dominant polydactyly allele to have the condition
28
Q

what is embryo screening?

A

when embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders

29
Q

what happens if the embryo screened has the alleles for inherited disorders?

A

an embryo that does not have the deffective alleles is implanted into the woman and they develop into healthy offspring

30
Q

what are the issues with embryo screening?

A
  • expensive: some people think NHS money should be spent elsewhere
  • lots created but few implanted: healthy embryos go to waste
  • designer children: in future we could screen embryos to have desired traits.
31
Q

gene therapy

A

the future possibility that scientists could correct faulty alleles

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