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Fun.Chem. > Infrared Spectrometry > Flashcards

Infrared Spectrometry Flashcards

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1
Q

Spectroscopic Analysis Function

A

Quality control for regulatory bodies and published standards (pharmacopia)

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2
Q

Pharmaceutical Impurities Sources

A

Manufacturing, product degradation, packaging and microbiological contaminants

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3
Q

How impurities are separated and analysed

A

Purified by chromatography. Analysed by spectroscopy and spectrometry

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4
Q

How Infrared is perceived to humans

A

Not visible (wavelength too long), perceived as heat. The greater the heat, the more IR radiated

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5
Q

Thermography Def

A

Measures heat released

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6
Q

IR Spectroscopy Def

A

Qualitative Identification. Identifies functional groups by bond vibrations, characterises solid samples and water content is measured. IR spectra are unique to each functional group

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7
Q

UV Spectroscopy

A

electron transitions determine bonding patterns

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8
Q

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A

Detects H atom signals and distinguishes isomers

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9
Q

Melting Point and purity

A

Melt sample. The narrower the range of temps melted over = the more pure the sample

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10
Q

Which C double bond is longer acid or ester

A

acid

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11
Q

Which is longer C double bond or OH

A

C double bond

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12
Q

Relationship between wavelength and frequency

A

bigger wavelength = smaller frequency

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13
Q

How adding energy to bond impacts it

A

It stretches or changes angle

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14
Q

Stretching Def

A

Changing of bond length. 2 Types

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15
Q

Symmetric stretching def

A

All bonds lengthen and shorten at the same time

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16
Q

Asymmetric Stretching def

A

When half the bonds lengthen the other half shortens

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17
Q

Changing of bond angles

A

Angles changes in relation to body and substituents. 4 Types

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18
Q

In plane Outline

A

Both bonds move left and then right at the same time

19
Q

Scissoring Outline

A

Bond angle move together at the same time and then apart

20
Q

Out of Plane Wagging

A

Both bond move closer to main body of molecule and away

21
Q

Out of plane twisting

A

1 bond moves away from the body of molecule and 1 moves nearer

22
Q

Which is longer stretching or bending

A

bending frequencies are lower then stretching

23
Q

Which bond angles are longer

A

rock > scissor > wag

24
Q

Which stretching is longer

A

Asymmetric > symmetric. Symmetric is lower frequencies then assymetric

25
Q

IR Activity Rules

A

IR absorption causes bending if there’s a change in dipole moment. Thus homonuclear (2 atoms are the same) don’t vibrate

26
Q

Linear (no branching) number of fundamental; vibrations

A

3(no of atoms) - 5

27
Q

Non-linear (branched) no. of fundamental vibrations

A

3(no of atoms) - 6

28
Q

Water Vibrational Nodes

A

symmetric (3652 cm^-1), bends (1,595 cm^-1, longer), asymmetric angles (3,756 cm^-1)

29
Q

Deformation Def

A

The functional groups move away from and towards each other. Umbrella like movement

30
Q

Skeletal Vibrations Range

A

1400 - 600 cm^-1. This is the fingerprint region

31
Q

Bond strength

A

triple bond > double bond > single bond

32
Q

Relationship between vibrational frequency (n bar) and mass of 2 atoms (mew bar)

A

vibrational frequency is inversely proportional to mass

33
Q

Relationship between force constant (strength of bond) (k) and vibrational frequency

A

As strength of bond increases, vibrational frequency decreases

34
Q

Calculation for bond frequency

A

v bar = 1/(2(pi)c) x (k/mew)^1/2

35
Q

How do frequencies tend to move across the x-axis

A

Frequencies decrease movinf feom left to right

36
Q

What influences frequency range (breadth of bands)

A

Hydrogen Bonding

37
Q

Why might alkene and alkynes be represented in chart

A

Obscured by other absorbances in region and bands are of bare and medium intensity

38
Q

How do you increase the strength of absorption in alkynes

A

If they are asymmetric

39
Q

Why are carbonyl bands so broad

A

Reactive in nucleophilic addition. Ketones, aldehydes and amines are lower. Usually longest signal

40
Q

Steps for analysing IR chart if C double bond O is present

A

Check OH (carboxylic acid), check NH (amide), check C-O (ester)

41
Q

Steps for analysing IR chart if no C double bond O

A

Check OH (alcohol), check NH (amine), check C-O (ester), look C double bond (aromatic)

42
Q

Conjugate bonds Def

A

Molecules with atoms with both single and double bonding

43
Q

Relationship between conjugation and frequency absorption

A

More conjugation = lower absorption (electrons move from bond to bond). Aromatic is lowest

44
Q

Relationship between electrons in s and p orbitals and frequency absorption

A

more electrons =absorbs at higher frequency

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