Info Systems Exam 2 Flashcards
Difficulties of Managing Data
increases exponentially w/ time. multiple sources of data. new sources of data, data rot, data security, and government regulation
data, information, and knowledge
raw, data w/ meaning, and apply information
internal sources, personal sources, and external sources of data
internal: company documents
personal: personal thoughts
external: commercial databases
Clickstream data
Data produced when a website is listed and hyperlinks are clicked
Data rot
refers to primarily to problems with the media on which the data is stored ex. physical problems
Data governance, master data management
DG: approach to managing information across an entire organization
MDM: “single version of the truth” for the company’s master data
Problems database systems minimize
Data redundancy: same data stored in multiple locations
Data isolation: Applications cannot access data associated with other applications
Data inconsistency: various copies of data do not agree
Things database systems maximize
data security: must have extremely high security measures in place
data integrity: data meet certain constraints
data independence: applications and data are independent of each other
Data hierarchy
bit (smallest unit of data), byte (group of eight bits)
DBMS
database management system: set of programs that provide users with tolls to create and manage a database
Relational database model
based on concept of two dimensional tables
Structured vs. unstructured data
structured: highly organized in fixed fields
unstructured: data that does not reside in a traditional relational database
Big data
collection of data that is so large and complex that it is difficult to manage using traditional database management systems
Characteristics of big data
volume: simply so much big data out there
velocity: rate at which data flow into an organization is rapidly increasing
variety: data formats change rapidly -> digital music files to web page content
Issues with big data
come from interested sources, dirty (inaccurate), subject to change
Big data in functional areas of the organization
Human Resources: analyzes health-insurance claim
Product development: capture customer preferences
Knowledge management
process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that comprises part of the organization’s memory
Explicit vs. tacit knowledge
explicit: consists of policies, reports, strategies
tacit: insights, expertise, trade skills
KMSs
knowledge management systems: use of internet etc. to expedite knowledge management both within one firm and among multiple firms
Benefits with KMSs
best practices readily available, improved customer service, more efficient product development
Challenges to KMSs
employees must share tacit knowledge, must continually be maintained/updated
electronic commerce vs. electronic business
commerce: process of buying, selling, information through computer networks
business: broader concept, performing electronic transactions within an organization
Brick-and-mortar organizations
physical location
Virtual organization
companies only engaged in EC
Clicks-and-mortar organizations
conduct both digital and physical activities
Types of e-commerce
business-to-consumer (B2C): seller: organization buyer: individual
business-to-business (B2B): businesses are both buyers and sellers
consumer-to-consumer (C2C): individual sells products/services to another individual
business-to-employee: organization uses EC internally to provide information and services to its employees
e-government: use of internet technology to deliver information and public services to citizens
Electronic marketplace
central, virtual market space on the Web where many buyers and many sellers can conduct e-commerce and e-business activities
Review Electronic Card on P.560
Electronic retailing
direct sale of products and services through electronic storefronts or electronic malls
Electronic storefront vs. madd
storefront: represents a single store
mall: collection of individual shops grouped under a single Internet address
sell-side vs. buy-side marketplace
sell: organizations sell their products or services to other organizations electronically
buy: organizations attempt to procure needed product/services from other organizations electronically
Three types of public exchanges
Vertical: connect buyer and sellers in a given industry
horizontal: connect buyers and sellers across many industries
functional: needed services such as temporary help of extra office space are traded on an “as-needed” basis
Customer relationship management
customer-focused and customer-driven organizational strategy
Types of CRM
operational CRM: sales, marketing, customer service/support, campaign management
customer-touching applications: search/comparison, customized products, technical information, FAQ
analytical CRM: provide business intelligence (decision support, data mining)
Collaborative CRM systems
provide effective and efficient interactive communication with the customer throughout the entire organization
Operational CRM systems
support front-office business processes (sales, marketing, and service)
customer-facing CRM applications
an organization’s sales, field service, and customer interaction center representatives interact directly with customer
Customer-touching applications
technologies that allow a customer to deal with a company representative and use these technologies to interact directly with the applications
Analytical CRM systems
provide business intelligence by analyzing customer behavior and perceptions
Supply chain
flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers, through factories and warehouses, to the end customers
Three flows of supply chain
upstream (vendors): where sourcing/procurement from external supplier occurs
internal: packaging, assembly, or manufacturing takes place
downstream (customer): where distribution takes place, frequently by external distributors
Push model supply chain
make-to-stock, production prices beings with a forecast -> often incorrect
Pull model supply chain
make-to-order, production process begins with a customer order
Problems along the supply chain
- uncertainties -> demand forecast
- need to coordinate multiple activities, internal units, and business partners
IT components
hardware, software, networks, and databases
Evolution of modern infrastructure
stand-alone mainframes, mainframe/dumb terminals, stand-alone personal computers, local area networks, enterprise computing, cloud computing/mobile computing
Cloud computing characteristics
grid computing: pools various hardware/software components to create a single IT environment with shared resources (provide fault to tolerance/redundancy, easy to scale up/down)
utility computing: service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to a customer as needed (charge customer for specific usage)
Different types of clouds
public clouds: shared, easily accessible, available to general public
private clouds: accessed only by a single entity or by an exclusive group of related entities
hybrid clouds: composed of public and private clouds that remain unique entities, but nevertheless tightly integrated
vertical clouds: retail, telecom, accounting
IaaS
infrastructure as a service:offer remotely accessible servers, networks, and storage resource pools
PaaS
platform as a service: customers rent servers, operating systems, storage, a database and network capacity over the internet
SaaS
cloud computing vendors provide software that is specific to their customers’ requirements
Benefits of cloud computing
positive impact on employees, save money, improve organizational flexibility/competitiveness
Concerns/risks of cloud computing
legacy IT systems, reliability, privacy, security, regulatory/legal environment, criminal use
Technological advancement that led to advancements in AI
advancements in chip technology, big data, internet and cloud computing, improved algorithms
Four stages of AI
- recommendation systems
- analyze data
- additional data from sensors
- combine all of the above
expert systems
computer systems that attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain
Machine learning
ability to accurately perform new, unseen tasks, built on known properties earned from training or historical data that are labeled
Deep learning
subset of machine learning in which the system discovers new patterns without being exposed to labeled historical or training data
Neural networks
set of virtual neurons or CPUs that work in parallel in an attempt to simulate the way the human brain works
Computer vision
ability of information systems to identify objects, scenes, and activities in images
Natural language processing
refers to the ability of information systems to work with text the way that humans do
