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CRS2 > Infectious respiratory disease in small animals 1&2 > Flashcards

Infectious respiratory disease in small animals 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Unilateral nasal discharge in a cat could be caused by what?

A
  1. FeLV
  2. Calicivirus and herpes virus (Cat flu)
  3. Foreign body
  4. Neoplasia
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2
Q

What is important to consider when controlling disease?

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Host
  3. Environment
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3
Q

Specifc clinical signs - localisation of disease?

Oculuar discharge?

Nasal discharge?

Cough?

Dyspnoea?

Stertor/Stridor?

A

Ocular discharge –> URT

Nasal –> URT

Cough –> Upper or Lower (but needs to be where there are cough receptors)

Dyspnoea –> Usually more LRT

Stertor/stridor –> URT

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4
Q

Explain Kennel cough

A

Clinical syndrome aka Canine infectious respiratory disease. It isn’t a specific disease. There are many different pathogens involved. Often see a dry hacking cough, they often retch. Often runs a course of 2 weeks and animal will generally get better by themselves.

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5
Q

Classic Kennel cough pathogens?

A
  1. Bordetella bronchiseptica (most common)
  2. Canine parainfluenza virus
  3. Canine adenovirus -2
  4. Canine distemper virus
  5. Some can be viral, not just bacterial causes.
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6
Q

Explain Bordetella bronchiseptica

A
  1. It is a bacteria.
  2. Binds to cilia and inhibits mucocilliary escalator. Which stops you geting rid of flehm from lower airway.
  3. Shedding can occur for up to 12 weeks post infection.
  4. Cross species transmission can occur.
  5. Intranasal vaccines available.
  6. Requires close contact for transmission.
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7
Q

Explain Canine Parainfluenza virus

A

Enveloped RNA virus

Upper resp tract only

Paves way for other organisms as causes damage in the URT.

Subcut and intranasal vaccines

Part of core vaccine protocol for dogs.

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8
Q

Explain Canine adenovirus-2

A

Non enveloped DNA virus

Closely related to CAV-1 and this is in the core vaccine protcol so provides protection.

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9
Q

Explain canine respiratory coronavirus

A

Enveloped RNA virus.

Related to human cold virus.

Mild but may predispose to other infectious diseases.

Vaccine under development.

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10
Q

When should we aim for a diagnosis?

A

Only if it will change management e.g. antibiotic use and choice, vaccine

Or if the pattern of disease changes.

Generally, we just treat symptomatically - a diagnosis is not required.

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11
Q

Antibiotic use?

A

Not always required.

If suspect bordetella, gram negative cover is required.

Secondary pathogens are generally gram negative, but may be gram positive.

  1. Tetracyclines (doxycycline)
  2. Potentiated sulphonamides
  3. Potentiated amoxycillin (synulox)

If you have the following signs, you would be justified to use AB: puss, mucopurulent discharge, pyrexia and generally more ill e.g. off food.

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12
Q

Examples of Adjunctive therapy for infectious diseases

A

Avoid choke chains

Clean eyes and nose

NSAIDs for pyrexia

Butorphanol, codine etc. to suppress cough

Glycerin

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13
Q

Canine distemper virus

A

Enveloped RNA virus

Shed in all bodily fluids

Incubation of 1-2 weeks or more.

Coughing, ocular and nasal discharge

Vomiting and Diarrhoea

Neurological signs

Hard pad

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14
Q

Respiratory Vaccines?

A
  1. Bordetella –> live, intranasal
  2. Parainfluenza –> live, subcutaneous if part of standard core vaccines, OR, intranasal if combined with bordetella.
  3. Resp. coronavirus –> vaccine being developed
  4. Distemper –> live, subcut.
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15
Q

Intranasal vaccine options

A

Vaccine 1: Active immunisation of dogs against Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus for periods of increased risk; to reduce clinical signs induced by B. bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus and to reduce shedding of canine parainfluenza virus.

Onset of immunity against Bordetella bronchiseptica has been demonstrated 72 hours after vaccination, and against canine parainfluenza virus three weeks after vaccination.

Duration of immunity: 1 year.

Vaccine 2: For active immunisation of dogs of 8 weeks of age or older to reduce coughing caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica. Onset of immunity: from 5 days after vaccination.

Duration of immunity: 1 year.

NB: difference between the vaccines, need to know which one your practice uses. Remember, it doesn’t prevent, it just makes it milder.

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16
Q

Emerging pathogens?

A

Canine influenza

Streptococcus zoo epidemicus

17
Q

Cat Flu

A

NOT INFLUENZA

It is a syndrome, not a disease - caused by lots of different things. Signs can be variable: mild to severe.

18
Q

Pathogens involved in cat flu?

A
  1. Feline calicivirus
  2. Feline herpesvirus 1
  3. Chlamydophilia felis (main bacteria) - often associated with ocular signs.
  4. Mycoplasma felis
  5. Bordetella bronchiseptica
19
Q

Feline Calicivirus

A

RNA virus

Non enveloped

Mutates easily during replication (meaning vaccines can become less effective)

Hard to kill and survives well in environment.

20
Q

FCV clinical signs

A

Ulceration of edge of tongue is a classic sign (see picture in lecture)

21
Q

FCV Carrier status

A

Cats can become carriers. Length of shedding varies, usually weeks-months. Some can shed constantly. Carriers are asymptomatic.

22
Q

Feline Herpesvirus

A

DNA virus - therefore, doesn’t mutate.

Enveloped, therefore, doesn’t survive well in environment.

Can be very severe.

If see soemthing looking really bad with lots of ulceration, pain, not wanting to eat etc. consider this. Look for corneal ulceration!

23
Q

Chronic rhinitis

A

Can happen after a cat has had cat flu. Most cats recover with supportive tx. however, some can go on to develop chronic rhinitis which can be a pain to manage.

Need to also rule out non- viral causes e.g. FB, neoplasia etc.

Can consider AB therapy, but of responsive, may need to continue tx for 6-8 weeks.

Antivirals may be useful.

24
Q

Carrier status of FHV

A

Infected for life.

Some shed chronically, or intermittently.

Some can be asymptomatic carriers.

25
Q

C. felis

A

Requires antibiotics - Doxycycline for 4 weeks.

Often see bad ocular signs e.g. chemosis.

26
Q

C. felis transmission

A

Direct contact.

Sneezing - short range only.

Mutual grooming

Fomites

Fleas

27
Q

C. felis diagnosis

A

Oral or ocular swabs

Virus isolation

PCR

28
Q

Symptomatic treatment options?

A

NSAIDs –> pain and pyrexia

Viscotears –> if have ocular discharge

Periactin –> increase apetite in cats

nebulisers–> try and shift mucous.

Doxycycline –> C.felis

Nutritional support –> O tube may be required

29
Q

Prevention and control of feline infectious resp. diseases

A

Vaccine, hygiene, barrier, ventilation.

Control: disinfectants –> FHV very liable, FCV more resistant.

30
Q

Resp. disease in Rabbits?

A

Obligate nasal breathers

Mouth breathing is a very bad sign

Pasteurella multocida or bordetella bronchiseptica. However, always check teeth as a DDx.

Diagnosis: PE, nasal swab, radiographs.

Treatment: Antibiotics, nebulisers, etc.

CRS2 (64 decks)

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