Cardiac Auscultation in the Horse Flashcards
1
Q
4 manifestations of endocardial disease in horses?
A
- Cardiac murmur (most common)
- Poor performance (rare)
- Collapse / sudden death (rare)
- Congestive heart failure (rare)
2
Q
Differentials of a cardiac murmur?
A
- Physiological murmur
- Murmur caused by valvular and congenital abnormality
3
Q
What does jugular distension indicate?
A
- Jugular distension is an indicator of reduced cardiac return
- Right sided Cardiac failure
- Thoracic disease
- Pericardial disease
4
Q
What can peripheral oedema indicate?
A
- Can be a sign of right sided heart failure
- But this is not the only cause of peripheral oedema. Other causes include…
- Hypoproteineamia
- Vascular disease
5
Q
Where should jugular pulsation be visible in the normal horse?
A
- Normally visible in distal third of neck (shouldn’t extend further up the neck)
- Dependant on head and neck position
6
Q
What type of oedema would you see with left sided heart failure?
A
Pulmonary oedema
7
Q
What type of oedema would you see with right sided heart failure?
A
Peripheral oedema
8
Q
What are the normal heart sounds?
A
- S4 (shh)
- S1 (Lub)
- S2 (Dub)
- S3 (de)
9
Q
What is S4?
A
- First part of cardiac cycle
- Onset of atrial systole
10
Q
What is S1?
A
- Onset of ventricular systole
- Closure of AV valves opening of Semilunar valves
11
Q
Where is S1 loudest?
A
Loudest over LIC 5
12
Q
What is S2?
A
- Onset of diastole
- Closure of semilunar valves, open AV
13
Q
Where is S2 loudest?
A
Loudest over LIC 4
14
Q
What is S3?
A
- Just after opening of AV valves
- Rapid ventricular filling
15
Q
Where is S3 loudest?
A
Loudest over cardiac apex (low LIC5)
