Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System Flashcards
What happens between the microorganisms and the Nervous System
Infectious Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
The normality
The Nervous System, Its Defense, and Normal Biota
Central Nervous System / CNS
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System / PNS
Ganglia
Nerves
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory
Integrative
Motor
Dense structures
Neurons
Tough casing
Meninges
Necessary Layers of the Meninges
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Provided cushion space (CNS)
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Receives signals
Axons
Transmits signals
Dendrite Cells
Restricted permeability of blood vessels in Brain
Blood-Brain Barrier
Response apparent to complement challenges
Immunologically Privileged
Phagocytic activity
Microglial Cells
Directed activity
Brain Macrophages
Lacking
Normal Biota in the Nervous System
Potential link
Gut Microbiome and Nervous System
Brain Chemistry
Behavioral Changes
Gut-Brain Axis
The manifestations
Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Nervous System
Inflammation of the Meninges
Meningitis
Photophobia
Headache
Painful or Stiff Neck
Fever
Leukocytosis
Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis
Red or purple lesions
Petechiae
‘Meningococcus’
Gram-Negative Diplococci
Epidemic Form of Meningitis
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria Meningitidis
Causative Agent of Neisseria Meningitidis
Capsule
Endotoxin
IgA Protease
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Neisseria Meningitidis
Droplet Contact
14%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Neisseria Meningitidis
Gram-Stain
Rapid Antigenic Test or Oxidase Test
PCR Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Neisseria Meningitidis
Conjugated Vaccine
Ceftriaxone
Penicillin
Prevention and Treatment of Neisseria Meningitidis
‘Pneumococcus’
Gram-Positive Coccus
Community-Acquired Meningitis
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Causative Agent of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Capsule
Induction of Apoptosis
Hemolysin and Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Droplet Contact
58%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Gram-Stain
CSF
Culture / Diagnosis of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Prevnar Vaccine
Pneumovax Vaccine
Vancomycin or Ceftriaxone
Prevention and Treatment of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
‘Hib’
Gram-Negative Coccobacillus
Severe Meningitis
Haemophilus Influenzae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Causative Agent of Haemophilus Influenzae
Capsule
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of
Haemophilus Influenzae
Droplet Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of
Haemophilus Influenzae
Chocolate Agar
Culture / Diagnosis of
Haemophilus Influenzae
Hib Vaccine
Ceftriaxone
Prevention and Treatment of
Haemophilus Influenzae
Gram-Positive Coccobacilli
Listeria Monocytogenes
Listeria Monocytogenes
Causative Agent of Listeria Monocytogenes
Intracellular Growth
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Listeria Monocytogenes
Food Vehicle
33%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Listeria Monocytogenes
Cold Enrichment
Rapid Methods
Culture / Diagnosis of Listeria Monocytogenes
Cooking Food or Avoiding Unpasteurized Dairy Products
Ampicillin and Gentamicin
Prevention and Treatment of Listeria Monocytogenes
Chronic Meningitis
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Cryptococcus Neoformans
Causative Agent of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Capsule
Melanin Production
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Air Vehicle
Dust Vehicle
90%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Negative Staining
Biochemical Tests or DNA Probes
Cryptococcal Antigen Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Amphotericin B
Flucytosine
Fluconazole
Prevention and Treatment of Cryptococcus Neoformans
‘Valley Fever’
Tumor-like Meninges
Coccidioides
Coccidioides
Causative Agent of Coccidioides
Granuloma Formation
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Coccidioides
Air Vehicle
Dust Vehicle
Soil Vehicle
Transmission and Epidemiology of Coccidioides
Identification of Spherules
Sabouraud’s Agar
Culture / Diagnosis of Coccidioides
Avoiding Airborne Endospores
Fluconazole or Amphotericin B
Prevention and Treatment of Coccidioides
Aseptic Meningitis
Viral Meningitis
Viruses
Causative Agent of Viral Meningitis
Lytic Infection of Host Cells
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Viral Meningitis
Droplet Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of Viral Meningitis
Absence of Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa
Antigen Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Viral Meningitis
Infection through birth canal
Neonatal and Infant Meningitis
Lancefield Group 5 Streptococci
Streptococcus Agalactiae
Capsule
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Streptococcus Agalactiae
Streptococcus Agalactiae
Causative Agent of Streptococcus Agalactiae
Vertical Transmission
Transmission and Epidemiology of Streptococcus Agalactiae
Treatment of Mother
Penicillin G and Aminoglycosides
Prevention and Treatment of Streptococcus Agalactiae
KI Strain
Escherichia Coli
Escherichia Coli
Causative Agent of Escherichia Coli
Vertical Transmission
20%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Escherichia Coli
Gram-Stain
Culture / Diagnosis of Escherichia Coli
Ceftazidime
Prevention and Treatment of Escherichia Coli
Gram-Negative Bacillus
Cronobacter Sakazakii
Cronobacter Sakazakii
Causative Agent of Cronobacter Sakazakii
Surviving Dry Conditions
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Cronobacter Sakazakii
Food Vehicle
Transmission and Epidemiology of Cronobacter Sakazakii
Chromogenic Differential Agar
Rapid Detection Kits
Culture / Diagnosis of Cronobacter Sakazakii
Safe Preparations
Broad-Spectrum Drugs
Prevention and Treatment of Cronobacter Sakazakii
Inflammation of the Brain’s Meninges
Meningoencephalitis
Small, flask-shaped Amoeba
Naegleria Fowleri
Naegleria Fowleri
Causative Agent of Naegleria Fowleri
Invasiveness
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Naegleria Fowleri
Water Vehicle
97%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Naegleria Fowleri
CSF
Brain Imaging
Biopsy
Culture / Diagnosis of Naegleria Fowleri
Limit Warm Freshwater
Pentamidine
Sulfadiazine
Prevention and Treatment of Naegleria Fowleri
Large, amoeboid Trophozoite
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba
Causative Agent of Acanthamoeba
Invasiveness
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Acanthamoeba
Direct Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of Acanthamoeba
CSF
Brain Imaging
Biopsy
Culture / Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba
Surgery
Pentamidine
Prevention and Treatment of Acanthamoeba
Viral Infection
Acute Encephalitis
Behavioral Changes
Decreased Consciousness
Signs and Symptoms of Acute Encephalitis
Arthropod Vectors
Arboviruses
West Nile Virus
La Crosse Virus
Jamestown Canyon Virus
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Powassan Virus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Causative Agents of Arboviruses
Attachment
Fusion
Invasion Capabilities
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Arboviruses
Arthropod Vector
95% / 3% / 0.5% / 0.4% / 0.3% / 0.3%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Arboviruses
History
Rapid Serological Tests
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Culture / Diagnosis of Arboviruses
Insect Control
Prevention and Treatment of Arboviruses
HSV-I
HSV-II
Herpes Simplex 1 / Herpes Simplex 2
Herpes Simplex 1 Virus
Herpes Simplex 2 Virus
Causative Agents of Herpes Simplex 1 / Herpes Simplex 2
Vertical Transmission
Reactivated Latent Infection
Transmission and Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex 1 / Herpes Simplex 2
Clinical Presentation
PCR Test
Ab Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex 1 / Herpes Simplex 2
Maternal Screening
Acyclovir
Prevention and Treatment of Herpes Simplex 1 / Herpes Simplex 2
Protozoan Infection
Subacute Encephalitis
Less striking rendered
Signs and Symptoms of Subacute Encephalitis
Extensive worldwide distribution
Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplasma Gondii
Causative Agent of Toxoplasma Gondii
Intracellular Growth
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Toxoplasma Gondii
Food Vehicle
Fecal-Oral Vehicle
15% - 29%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Toxoplasma Gondii
Serological Detection of IgM
Histology
Culture / Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii
Personal Hygiene
Food Hygiene
Pyrimethamine or Leucovorin or Sulfadiazine
Prevention and Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondii
‘Slow Virus Infection’
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Causative Agent of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Cell Fusion
Immune System Evasion
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Persistence of Measles Virus
Transmission and Epidemiology of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
EEGs
MRI
Serology
Culture / Diagnosis of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
‘Proteinaceous Infectious Particles’
Prions
Prions
Causative Agent of Prions
Avoidance of Host Immune Response
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Prions
CJD
98%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Prions
Biopsy
Brain Imaging
Culture / Diagnosis of Prions
Avoiding Meat and Instruments
Prevention and Treatment of Prions
RNA Virus
Zika Virus
Zika Virus
Causative Agent of Zika Virus
Vertical Transmission
Sexual Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of Zika Virus
PCR Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Zika Virus
Avoiding mosquitoes
Prevention and Treatment of Zika Virus
Fatal Encephalitis
Rabies
Rabies Virus
Causative Agent of Rabies
Envelope Glycoprotein
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Rabies
Parenteral Injection
Droplet Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of Rabies
DFA Test
Culture / Diagnosis of Rabies
Inactivated Vaccine
Prevention and Treatment of Rabies
Acute Enteroviral Infection
Poliomyelitis
Fever
Headache
Nausea
Sore Throat
Myalgia
Signs and Symptoms of Poliomyelitis
Infiltrates motor neurons
Neurotrophic
Poliovirus
Causative Agent of Poliomyelitis
Attachment Mechanisms
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Poliomyelitis
Fecal-Oral Vehicle
99%
Transmission and Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis
Serology
Culture / Diagnosis of Poliomyelitis
‘Clostridium Tetani’
Gram-Positive Endospore Forming Rod
Tetanus
Neurotoxin
Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus
Clostridium Tetani
Causative Agent of Tetanus
Tetanospasm Exotoxin
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Tetanus
Parenteral Injection
Direct Contact
Transmission and Epidemiology of Tetanus
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization
Sedation
Prevention and Treatment of Tetanus
Caused by exotoxin
Intoxication
‘Clostridium Botulinum’
Botulism Disease
Clostridium Botulinum
Causative Agent of Botulism Disease
Botulinum Exotoxin
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Botulism Disease
Food Vehicle
Direct Contact
Parenteral Injection
Transmission and Epidemiology of Botulism Disease
Organism
Toxin
Culture / Diagnosis of Botulism Disease
Food Hygiene
Antitoxin
Prevention and Treatment of Botulism Disease
‘Trypanosoma Brucei’
African Sleeping Sickness
Intermittent Fever
Extreme Fatigue
Signs and Symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma Brucei
Causative Agent of African Sleeping Sickness
Immune Evasion
Antigen Shifting
Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of African Sleeping Sickness
Vector
Vertical Transmission
Transmission and Epidemiology of African Sleeping Sickness
Blood
CSF
Culture / Diagnosis of African Sleeping Sickness
Vector Control
Suramin or Pentamidine
Eflornithine or Melarsoprol
Prevention and Treatment of African Sleeping Sickness